Determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1 100000. Nomenclature of topographic maps of Russia. Determining the nomenclature of adjacent map sheets

Polyfolia. Each sheet of the map is a trapezoid bounded by meridians and parallels. Nomenclature is called a system of notation for sheets of multi-sheet maps.

This notation system is based on a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000, having an angular extent of 4° in latitude and 6° in longitude. To obtain such a sheet, the globe is divided into four-degree latitude zones, which go from the equator to the north and are designated by capital letters of the Latin alphabet, and into six-degree longitude columns, which are counted from the meridian 180 ° to the east.

The column number differs from the coordinate zone number by 30 units (Fig. 1.20). The nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000 consists of a capital letter of the Latin alphabet, indicating the latitudinal zone, and the column number. For example, Moscow is located on map sheet N-37 (Fig. 1.20).

To determine the nomenclature of such a map for a given area, it is necessary to find the approximate coordinates j 0 , l 0 of the center of this area using a small-scale geographic map. Then, dividing the latitude of the center j 0 by 4°, and the longitude l 0 by 6°, we obtain numbers whose integer parts show the numbers “ a” belts and (“ b”+30) columns bordering the desired trapezoid on the south and west. For example, for Moscow j 0 =55.3°, l 0 =36.8°. Therefore j 0:4°=13.8 ( a=13) and l 0:6°=6.8 ( b=6).

The number of the desired latitude zone, where our point is located, will be one more, that is a+1=14. This corresponds to the fourteenth letter N Latin alphabet. And the number of the desired meridian column will be correspondingly equal to b+1+30=37. Thus, the nomenclature of the millionth map sheet for Moscow will be N-37.

The map sheet is limited from the south and north by parallels 52° and 56°, and from the west and east - by meridians 36° and 42°.

Maps at a scale of 1:500000 are formed by dividing the millionth sheet into four parts with a length of 2° in latitude and 3° in longitude. Each such trapezoid is designated by capital letters of the Russian alphabet A, B, C and D and contains the nomenclature of the millionth sheet in which they are located. For example, Moscow is located on the sheet N-37-A.

Maps at a scale of 1:100000 are formed by dividing the millionth sheet into 144 parts (12 parts for latitude and longitude). The trapezoids thus obtained bear numbers from 1 to 144 along with the nomenclature of the millionth sheet. For example, the center of Moscow is located on the sheet N-37-26 (see Fig. 1.21). The size of trapezoid maps at a scale of 1:100000 is 20¢ in latitude and 30¢ in longitude.

The nomenclature of such a sheet consists of the nomenclature of the hundred thousandth sheet and the trapezoid index A, B, C, D. For the center of Moscow the nomenclature will be N-37-26-B.

Scale (numerical and named), scale accuracy;

Geographical boundaries of the map sheet;

Coordinate zone number;

Rectangular coordinate grid interval;

Card nomenclature usually signed above the northern border of the map indicating the largest populated area. The nomenclature of adjacent sheets is signed in the middle of the outer frame of the card.

Numerical scale signed under the southern frame of the map. It is a fraction 1/M, the numerator of which is one, and the denominator M indicates the degree to which the lines on the map are reduced in comparison with horizontal projections of the same lines on the ground, that is

Where S k - distance on the map; S m - distance on the ground. Using relation (23), it is possible to solve a number of problems related to scale.

Along with the numerical scale of the map, its decoding is given in the form of a named scale, which indicates how many meters on the ground are contained in 1 cm of the map. For example, if the map scale is 1:5000, that is, 1 cm of the map corresponds to 5000 cm on the ground, then the named scale indicates that 1 cm is 50 m.

Scale accuracy maps call the smallest segment of the terrain that can be depicted and distinguished on a map of the appropriate scale. Since the smallest segment discernible to the naked eye is 0.01 cm = 0.1 mm, then according to formula (23), the corresponding distance on the ground is equal to S t =0.01cm× M- this will be the accuracy of the map scale. For example, at a scale of 1:5000, the scale accuracy S t =0.01cm×5000=50cm.

If we pose the inverse problem and order a map on which the smallest details equal to S t , then the scale of such a map should be

For example, if you set S t =1m, then the map must be drawn to scale .

On some maps, an additional image of a linear scale is given, which is a straight line divided into equal segments (equal to 1 cm or 2 cm), which are called the scale base, and against each division of the base the corresponding distance on the ground is signed. The leftmost base is divided into 10 parts. Using this construction, you can confidently measure or plot segments on a map with an accuracy of tenths of a base.

Geographical boundaries of the map sheet, the west and east are meridian lines, and the north and south are parallel lines.

These lines form an internal frame that limits the image of the area on the map (Fig. 1.23). The geographical boundaries of the sheet are determined by the latitudes and longitudes of these meridians and parallels, signed in the corners of the map frame. A minute frame is drawn parallel to the inner frame, divided into arc minutes by black (even) and white (odd) intervals. In turn, the minutes are divided by dots into ten-second intervals. The minute frame is used to determine the geographic coordinates of points plotted on the map.

Coordinate zone number, in which this map is located, can be determined by the longitude of the western meridian. If this longitude is divided by 6?, then the integer of this fraction indicates the number of zones passed, and the map will refer to the next zone. For example, if λ 3 =64? 30?, then , and this means that 10 zones passed before this map, and our map is located in the 11th zone. In addition, the zone number is equal to the number of the meridian column from the nomenclature reduced by 30. So, if the card has the nomenclature R-38-56, then the zone number is 38-30=8. Finally, the zone number is signed before the ordinate value of the vertical lines signed on the rectangular coordinate grid of the map.

Rectangular coordinate grid interval on maps of scale 1:10000 - 1:100000 is equal to 1 km or 2 km. An integer number of kilometers of abscissas and ordinates is written outside the inner frame of the map along the horizontal and vertical lines of this grid.

Relief section height signed under the southern border of the map; A plotting graph can also be shown there to determine the steepness of the slopes based on the distances between the horizontal lines.

Magnetic declination and meridian convergence values are indicated at the southern frame of the map. There is also a schematic drawing of the relative position of the main reference lines - the true and magnetic meridians and the abscissa axis (see Fig. 1.12).

The concept of nomenclature in topography is completely different from its other meanings in our everyday life. This is a set or list of names, terms used in any branch of science, technology, art, etc., this is also a circle of officials appointed by a higher authority. The semantic concept of nomenclature in topography is based on the fact that the adopted provisions must ensure unambiguous designation of topographic sheets or any other maps of various scales.
Nomenclature is a system for designating map sheets of different scales.
Layout - a system of dividing the Earth's surface by meridians and parallels. Each sheet is limited by a frame.
The basis for dividing cards into sheets in our country is international graphics maps at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (Fig. 5.1).

Rice. 5.1. Layout and nomenclature
topographic maps at a scale of 1:1000000.

The division into rows (belts) by parallels is carried out from the equator every 4º latitude. The rows are designated by letters of the Latin alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W. Columns within their boundaries coincide with the 6º zones of the Gaussian projection, but they are numbered from the meridian ±180º to the east. Thus, the column number differs from the zone number by 30 units in one direction or another. Columns are designated (by numbers) with Arabic numerals.

Rice. 5.2. Layout and nomenclature of topographical
maps of the CIS countries at a scale of 1:1000000.

Let’s assume that the column number in the international chart is indicated by the number 47. Then the number of the corresponding Gaussian zone will be 47 – 30 = 17. If the column number is less than 30, then to determine the zone number, add 30 to the column number. The nomenclature of a topographic map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 is composed of the Latin letter of the row and the Arabic numeral of the column number . For example, S-47. For maps of the southern hemisphere, after the nomenclature in brackets indicate (Y.P.).

Layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:500,000 is made by dividing the middle meridian and the middle parallel of a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 into four parts, which are designated by capital letters of the Russian (Ukrainian) alphabet. Nomenclature of map sheets at scale 1:500,000 consists of the nomenclature of the 1:1,000,000 scale map sheet of which it is a part and the corresponding letter.

Layout of sheets of maps at scales 1:200,000 And 1:100 000 is made by dividing each sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 by meridians and parallels, respectively, into 36 and 144 parts (Fig. 5.3). Sheets of maps at a scale of 1:200,000 are numbered with Roman numerals, and for a scale of 1:100,000 - with Arabic numerals in rows from west to east. The nomenclature of map sheets of the indicated scales consists of the nomenclature of the corresponding million sheet and its own number, which for map sheets of scales 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 is indicated to the right of the nomenclature of the million sheet.

Rice. 5.3. Layout and nomenclature of sheets of maps at a scale of 1:500,000,
1:200,000, 1:100,000 in a map sheet with a scale of 1:1,000,000

1:50,000 scale map sheets obtained by dividing map sheets at a scale of 1:100,000 into four parts (Fig. 5.4), designated by capital letters of the Russian (Ukrainian) alphabet. The dimensions of the sheet are 10′ in latitude and 15′ in longitude.

The nomenclature of these sheets is formed by attaching the corresponding letter to the nomenclature of a 1:100,000 scale sheet, for example N-37-4-A. (Fig. 5.4)

1:25,000 scale map sheets obtained by dividing sheets of a map at a scale of 1:50,000 into four parts (Fig. 5.4), each of which is designated by lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet. The dimensions of these sheets are 5′ in latitude, 7′30″ in longitude, and the nomenclature is supplemented with the corresponding letter: N-37-4-В-в.

A 1:25,000 scale map sheet is divided into four map sheets scale 1:10,000, each of which measures 2′30″ in latitude and 3′45″ in longitude. They are designated by Arabic numerals, which are indicated after the nomenclature of the 1:25,000 scale map sheet of which they are part, for example N-37-134-B-v-2.

Layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:5,000 is made by dividing map sheets at a scale of 1:100,000 into 256 parts (16 rows in latitude and longitude). The sheets are numbered in Arabic numerals in rows from west to east. The size of each sheet is 1′15″ in latitude, 1′53.5″ in longitude. The nomenclature of these sheets is formed by attaching the corresponding number in brackets to the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000, for example: N-37-134-(16).

Rice. 5.5. Layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:5,000

Map sheets scale 1:2 000 are obtained by dividing sheets of a map at a scale of 1:5,000 into nine parts and are designated in lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet, for example N-37-134-(16-ж). The size of each sheet is 25″ in latitude and 37.5″ in longitude.

Topographic surveys on a large scale in areas less than 20 km 2 are carried out in private rectangular coordinate systems, not related to the geographical system. The layout of plan sheets in these cases is carried out not by meridians and parallels, but by grid lines. The sheets are in the shape of squares with dimensions of 40 × 40 cm for plans at a scale of 1:5,000 and 50 × 50 cm for plans at a scale of 1:2,000 - 1:500. The layout is based on a plan sheet at a scale of 1:5,000, indicated by Arabic numerals.
A plan sheet at a scale of 1:5,000 corresponds to 4 sheets in scale 1:2 000 , denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet (Fig. 5.6).
A plan sheet on a scale of 1:2,000 is divided into 4 sheets of plans scale 1:1000 , designated by Roman numerals, or 16 sheets of plans scale 1:500 , designated by Arabic numerals (Fig. 5.6).

Rice. 5.6 . Layout and nomenclature of sheets of maps at scales 1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500

In Fig. 5.7 presents the general scheme of layout and nomenclatures of topographic maps adopted in Ukraine.
Other systems for designating large-scale plans are also possible when surveying various objects. In these cases, outside the plan sheets, the accepted layout and numbering schemes are indicated.

Rice. 5.7 . General scheme of layout and nomenclatures of topographic maps, adopted in Ukraine.

Due to the fact that when moving towards the north or south pole, the parts of the earth's surface projected onto a plane in longitude decrease, the sheets of topographic maps become narrow and inconvenient for practical use. Sheets of topographic maps for latitudes 60º – 76º are published double in longitude, and for latitudes 76º – 88º – quadruple in longitude. For regions of the Arctic and Antarctic located at latitudes from 88º to 90º, large-scale maps are published in azimuthal projection.

5.2. DETERMINATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES OF THE CORNERS OF THE FRAME OF A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SHEET

The system of layout and nomenclature of map sheets makes it possible to determine the geographic coordinates of the corners of the frame of any sheet of topographic maps of the entire scale range, as well as, using the geographic coordinates of a point, to find the nomenclature of a map sheet of any scale on which this point is located.
Southern latitude The frames of a map sheet with a scale of 1:1,000,000 can be determined using Table 5.1.

Numbers and designations of the northern hemisphere zones

Table.5.1

If there is no table for the designation of belts, then first determine the serial number of the Latin letter of the belt (ordinal number 1 corresponds to the Latin letter A, 2 - B, 3 - C, ...). Then the belt number is multiplied by 4 and the value of the geographical sprat is obtained φ northern parallel of the sheet. Reducing this value by 4. obtains the latitude of the southern parallel of the sheet frame.
To determine the longitudes of the meridians that bound the sheet, it should be borne in mind that the Greenwich meridian is taken as the starting point for counting longitudes, and the beginning of counting the columns comes from the meridian having a longitude of 180. Therefore, for columns with numbers 31-60 (east of the Greenwich meridian), the column number is reduced by 30, multiplied by 6º and the value is determined geographic longitude eastern meridian leaf. By decreasing this value by 6º, the longitude of the western meridian of the sheet is obtained.

Example. For a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 with nomenclature N-37, determine the geographic coordinates (Fig. 5.8).
Solution:

• the serial number of the letter N in the Latin alphabet is 14;
• by serial number we determine the latitude of the northern parallel 14 × 4 = 56º
• by decreasing the value of northern latitude by 4, we obtain the latitude of the southern parallel of the sheet frame 56º – 4º = 52º
• determine the longitude of the eastern meridian (37 – 30) × 6º = 42º
• by decreasing the longitude of the eastern meridian by 6, we obtain the longitude of the western meridian 42º – 6º = 36º

Rice. 5.8. Geographic coordinates of frame corners
map sheet at scale 1:1,000,000 with nomenclature N-37

5.3. DETERMINATION OF THE NOMENCLATURE OF MAP SHEETS BY GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES OF OBJECTS

Using the geographic coordinates of a point, you can determine the nomenclature of any sheet of the topographic map on which this point is located
For this it is necessary:

• determine the number of the belt in which the desired leaf is located by dividing the latitude in degrees plus four by 4.

Attention! To obtain a remainder that is an integer number of degrees, division should be performed without using a calculator.

• Using the belt number from Table 5.1, determine belt designation (Latin letter).

The Latin letter of the belt can be calculated using a computer. To do this, enter the formula in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets:
=CHAR( belt number+64)

• determine the column number by dividing the longitude in degrees plus six by 6 and adding 30 to the quotient;
• Based on the remainder (degrees and minutes), determine the nomenclature of sheets of maps on a larger scale.

Example.
Object coordinates: latitude 53°50′N; longitude 40°30′E.
Determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:500,000.

Solution.
Belt number (row) (53 + 4) : 4 = 14 integers.
We will use 1º in the remainder of the division and 50′ of latitude (a total remainder of 1°50′) to determine the nomenclature of a map sheet on a larger scale.
14 integers is the serial number of the row. The number 14 corresponds to the Latin letter N. The symbol N corresponds to the belt of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000.
Column number (40 + 6) : 6 + 30 = 37.
Longitude remainder 4° + 30" = 4°30".

The nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 will be N – 37.

We draw up a scheme for dividing the sheet 1:1,000,000 into equal parts by longitude and latitude (Fig. 5.9).

Figure 5.9. Determination of the nomenclature of map sheet 1: 500,000

We count from the southern border of the scheme 1°50′ (latitudinal remainder) and from the western border 4°30′ (longitude remainder). We get the intersection of the lines at the quarter, designated by the capital letter G. Thus, the required nomenclature for a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:500,000 will be N-37-G.

To determine the nomenclature of maps at a scale of 1:200,000, the method for determining the trapezoid number is the same as for a scale of 1:500,000.

Figure 5.10. Determination of the nomenclature of map sheet 1: 200,000

At the intersection of the dotted lines (Figure 5.10) we see the Roman numeral XXIII. We add the Roman numeral to the nomenclature of sheet 1: 1,000,000 and we get the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:200,000 N-37-XXIII.
By sequentially drawing up schemes for dividing sheets with the designation of their coordinates, it is possible to determine the nomenclature of sheets of maps on a larger scale.

5.4. DETERMINING THE NOMENCLATURE OF ADJACENT MAP SHEETS

To select the required sheets of maps, prefabricated tables are used - small-scale schematic maps, which show the layout and nomenclature of maps. To select a sheet, a given route or area is marked on a prefabricated table of the appropriate scale and, according to the layout indicated on the prefabricated table, the nomenclatures of the sheets included in the intended area are written out.

Rice. 5.11. Fragment of a prefabricated table of sheets
maps scale 1:100,000

In the absence of a prefabricated table, the nomenclature of map sheets is determined using layout diagrams made independently. In this case, two cases are possible. If the nomenclature of one or several sheets is known and it is necessary to determine the nomenclatures of a number of adjacent sheets, then a diagram for laying out maps of the appropriate scale is carried out, these sheets are marked on it and the nomenclature of adjacent sheets is written out.
If you have to determine the nomenclature of map sheets for a new area, then you need to use some geographic map to determine the geographic coordinates of an object located in the desired area, use them to find its position on the layout diagram of map sheets at a scale of 1:1,000,000 and write down the nomenclature of this sheet . Then, according to the layout scheme for map sheets of the appropriate scale, taking into account the latitude and longitude of the corners of the map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000, the position of the object is found according to its geographic coordinates and the nomenclature of the required sheets is written down.

Rice. 5.12. Signatures on the sides of the frame of the nomenclatures of adjacent map sheets

The nomenclature of sheets adjacent to the existing map sheet can be recognized by the signatures on the frame on the corresponding side (Fig. 5.12).
Examples of drawing up diagrams of adjacent map sheets are shown in Fig. 5.13, and 5.14.

Rice. 5.13. Scheme of adjacent sheets of a map at a scale of 1:100,000.
Adjacent sheets are highlighted by filling.

Rice. 5.14 Scheme of adjacent sheets of a map at a scale of 1:200,000. Adjacent sheets are highlighted with fill.

5.5. DIGITAL NOMENCLATURE OF CARDS

The digital nomenclature of cards is used to record cards and compile applications for cards using a computer. Each letter representing the belts has been replaced with two-digit numbers. These numbers correspond to the serial number of the belt (or letters in the Latin alphabet). For example, A-01, B-02, C-03, D-04, E-05, F-06,
The digital nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 K-38 will be written 11-38.
Each sheet of a map of scale 1: 200,000 is designated by a two-digit number from 01 to 36, and of scale 1: 100,000 - by three digits from 001 to 144. Letters in the nomenclatures of sheets of maps of scales 1: 500,000, 1: 50,000 and 1: 25,000 are replaced by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively.
The digital form of recording nomenclatures for all scales is given in table. 5.2.

Table 5.2.

For the nomenclature of maps of the Southern Hemisphere, the letters YUP are added to the usual nomenclature in brackets, for example M-Z6-A(YUP). Before the digital nomenclature of sheets of maps of the Southern Hemisphere they put the number: 9, for example M-36-A (YuP) has the form 9-13-36-1.

5.6. METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION OF CARDS USING PREPARATION TABLES

The selection of the necessary map sheets for a given terrain point by coordinates is made using prefabricated tables.
Composite tables are a blank version of a small-scale map, which indicates the layout and nomenclature of the maps. For the convenience of selecting maps, larger rivers, lakes, settlements, borders and other terrain objects are plotted on prefabricated tables.
To select the necessary map sheets for a terrain point given by coordinates, it is necessary to plot this point on the prefabricated table using coordinates and write down the nomenclature of maps of the required scale.
To select maps for a given area, you need to plot the boundaries of the area on a prefabricated table, and then write out the nomenclature of the required map scales.
When gluing sheets of cards into a block, you need to know the nomenclature of the sheets adjacent to each other. To do this, use the layout of the sheets, which is placed under the southern frame of the map. On large-scale maps, the arrangement of sheets is not printed, and the nomenclature of adjacent sheets is indicated on each side of the map frame.
Using the known coordinates of a point, you can determine the nomenclature of the map sheet. To do this, you first need to determine the nomenclature of the scale map sheet
1: 1,000,000. The belt of the desired sheet is determined by dividing the latitude of the point in degrees by 4. The column number is determined by dividing the longitude of the point in degrees by 6. 30 is added to the resulting number. In both cases, if the division results in a fractional number, the result must be rounded to the larger side. Having received the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1: 1,000,000, you can easily determine the nomenclature of a map sheet of any scale.

Example. The geographical coordinates of the object are given: latitude 56°20′,
longitude 70°30". Determine the nomenclature of the March sheet on a scale of 1: 1,000,000.
Solution.
1. Determine the number of the belt: 56°: 4 = 14, the remainder is 20". We round to a whole number, then the serial number of the belt will be 15, which corresponds to the letter O of the Latin alphabet.
2. Determine the column number: 70°: 6 = 11, the remainder is 4°30", i.e. the desired column will be 12 + 30 = 42.
The nomenclature of a map sheet of scale 1: 1,000,000 will be O-4

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Give definitions: “map layout”, “map nomenclature”.
2. How is the layout done and what symbols are used to make up the nomenclature of scale maps: 1:1,000,000, 1:100,000, 1:50,000, 1:25,000, 1:10,000, 1:5,000, 1:2,000?
3. How is the layout done and what symbols are used to make up the nomenclature of scale plans: 1:5,000, 1:2,000, 1:1,000, 1:500?
4. How to determine the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:500,000 if the geographic latitude and longitude of a point (object) are known?
5. How to find the nomenclature of adjacent and adjacent (corner) sheets using the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:200,000?
6. What is digital card nomenclature?
7. What is the difference between the nomenclature of maps of the southern hemisphere and the nomenclature of maps of the northern hemisphere?
8. What are prefabricated tables?
9. How is the selection of maps for a given area carried out using prefabricated tables?

Razgraphka is called the division of topographic maps into sheets.

Nomenclature - This is a system of notation for individual sheets of topographic maps.

Survey topographical maps are compiled from maps of larger scales. Topographic maps are compiled based on the results of surveying territories and are distinguished by the detailed image of the area. These are multi-leaf cards, i.e. Each sheet displays part of the territory, and together all sheets contain a complete display. Strictly speaking, the curvilinear part of the surface of the map displayed on the sheet corresponds to a certain curvilinear trapezoid. Therefore, the term is used to refer to certain map sheets trapezoid

The layout of topographic maps is based on a sheet of map at a scale of 1:1000000. To compile a map of this scale, the image of the earth's surface is divided into 60 columns(bigons) starting from the Greenwich meridian through 6°.

The bigons are numbered with Arabic numerals from 1 to 60 east of 180°. Numbering from 0° is possible. In this case, the double triangles are called not columns, but zones. The numbering of zones from columns differs by 30 units, for example, column number 40 corresponds to zone number 10.

Thus, columns and zones divide the globe along meridians. By parallels every 4° in latitude, the image of the earth's surface is divided into rows, designated by the letters of the Latin alphabet north and south of the equator. This division by meridians and parallels determines the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000 (millionths).

Rice. 35 Nomenclature and layout of a map of scale 1: 1,000,000

The nomenclature of each sheet includes the letter of the row and the number of the column. Thus, the sheet on which the city of Moscow is shown has the nomenclature N-37, which corresponds to 52 - 56° latitude and 36-42° longitude. The nomenclature of double or quadruple map sheets consists of the designations of the latitudinal zone and, accordingly, two or four columns.

The nomenclature of sheets of maps of larger scales is related to the nomenclature of sheets of a millionth map. Thus, a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:500000 is 1/4 of a sheet of a millionth map and is designated by adding a capital letter A, B, C, D to the nomenclature of a sheet of a millionth map, for example N-37-B.

L
The ist of a 1:300,000 scale map is 1/9 of a millionth map sheet and is designated by Roman numerals I to IX located before millionth sheet nomenclature, for example I-N-37.

Nomenclature of map sheets at scales 1: 500,000 and 1: 300,000

A sheet of a 1:200,000 scale map is 1/36 of a sheet of a million map and is designated by Roman numerals I to XXXVI located after Million sheet nomenclature, for example N-37-I.

R
is. 37 Nomenclature of map sheets at scale 1: 200,000

A map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000 is 1/144 of a millionth map sheet and is indicated by Arabic numerals from 1 to 144 located after Million sheet nomenclature, for example N-37-143.

The nomenclature of sheets of maps of larger scales is built on the basis of a map sheet of a scale of 1: 100,000, just as the nomenclatures of the maps discussed above were built on the basis of a sheet of a millionth map.

Nomenclature of map sheets scale 1: 100000

Thus, a sheet of a map at a scale of 1: 50,000 is 1/4 of a sheet of a map at a scale of 1: 100,000 and is designated by adding a capital letter A, B, C, D to the nomenclature of a map sheet at a hundred thousandth scale, for example N-37-144-A.

A 1:50000 map sheet contains 4 1:25000 map sheets, which are indicated by adding lowercase letters a B C D to the nomenclature of a fifty-thousandth scale map sheet (Fig. 39a), for example N-37-144-B-6.

A map sheet at a scale of 1: 25,000 contains 4 sheets of a map at a scale of 1: 10,000, which are designated by adding Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4 to the nomenclature of a map sheet at a twenty-five-thousandth scale (Fig. 39a), for example N-37-144-B-a-1.

A 1:100,000 scale map sheet contains 256 1:5000 scale map sheets, which are designated by adding Arabic numerals from 1 to 256 to the nomenclature of the hundred thousandth scale map sheet, for example M-37-144-(255).

N

The nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:2000 is formed on the basis of dividing a map sheet of 1:5000 into 9 parts. Each sheet is designated by adding lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i to five-thousandth scale nomenclature, for example N-37-144-(256-a).

Nomenclature of large scale maps

A topographic map is a universal-purpose geographic map that depicts the terrain in detail. A topographic map contains information about geodetic reference points, relief, hydrography, vegetation, soils, economic and cultural objects, roads, communications, boundaries and other terrain objects. The completeness of the content and accuracy of topographic maps make it possible to solve technical problems.

The science of creating topographic maps is topography.

All geographical maps, depending on their scale, are conventionally divided into the following types:

• topographic plans - up to 1:5 000 inclusive;
• large-scale topographic maps - from 1:10,000 to 1:200,000 inclusive;
• medium-scale topographic maps - from 1:200,000 (not including) to 1:1,000,000 inclusive;
• small-scale topographic maps - less than (less than) 1:1,000,000.

The smaller the denominator of a numerical scale, the larger the scale. Plans are drawn up on a large scale, and maps are drawn up on a small scale. Maps take into account the “spherical shape” of the Earth, but plans do not. Because of this, plans should not be drawn up for areas larger than 400 km² (that is, areas of land larger than 20x20 km). The main difference between topographic maps (in a narrow, strict sense) is their large scale, namely the scale of 1:200,000 and larger (the first two points, more strictly the second point: from 1:10,000 to 1:200,000 inclusive).

Geographical objects and their outlines are depicted in most detail on large-scale (topographic) maps. When you zoom out on a map, details have to be excluded and generalized. Individual objects are replaced by their collective meanings. Selection and generalization become obvious when comparing different-scale images of a populated area, which on a scale of 1:10,000 is given in the form of individual buildings, on a scale of 1:50,000 - by blocks, and on a scale of 1:100,000 - by punches. The selection and generalization of content when compiling geographic maps is called cartographic generalization. It aims to preserve and highlight on the map the typical features of the depicted phenomena in accordance with the purpose of the map.

Secrecy

Topographic maps of the territory of Russia up to a scale of 1:50,000 inclusive are classified, topographic maps of a scale of 1:100,000 are intended for official use (DSP), and a smaller scale of 1:100,000 are unclassified.

Those working with maps up to a scale of 1:50,000 are required, in addition to a permit (license) from the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography or a certificate from a self-regulatory organization (SRO), to obtain permission from the FSB, since such maps constitute a state secret. For the loss of a map of a scale of 1:50,000 or larger, in accordance with Article 284 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Loss of documents containing state secrets,” a penalty of up to three years in prison is provided.

At the same time, after 1991, secret maps of the entire territory of the USSR, stored in the headquarters of military districts located outside of Russia, appeared on the public market. Since the leadership of, for example, Ukraine or Belarus does not need to maintain the secrecy of maps of foreign territories.

The problem of the existing secrecy on maps became acute in February 2005 in connection with the launch of the Google Maps project, which allows anyone to use high-resolution color space images (up to several meters), although in Russia any space image with a resolution of more than 10 meters is considered secret and requires an order declassification procedures in the FSB.

In other countries, this problem is resolved by using object secrecy rather than area secrecy. With object secrecy, the free distribution of large-scale topographic maps and photographs of strictly defined objects, for example, areas of military operations, military bases and training grounds, and military ship sites, is prohibited. For this purpose, a methodology has been developed for creating topographic maps and plans of any scale that are not classified and intended for public use.

Scales of topographic maps and plans

Map scale- this is the ratio of the length of a segment on the map to its actual length on the ground.

Scale(from German - measure and Stab - stick) - the ratio of the length of a segment on a map, plan, aerial or satellite image to its actual length on the ground.

Numerical scale- a scale expressed as a fraction, where the numerator is one, and the denominator is a number indicating how many times the image is reduced.

Named (verbal) scale- type of scale, verbal indication of what distance on the ground corresponds to 1 cm on a map, plan, photograph.

Linear scale- an auxiliary measuring ruler applied to maps to facilitate the measurement of distances.

A named scale is expressed by named numbers indicating the lengths of mutually corresponding segments on the map and in nature.

For example, there are 5 kilometers in 1 centimeter (5 kilometers in 1 cm).

Numerical scale is a scale expressed as a fraction in which: the numerator is equal to one, and the denominator is equal to a number showing how many times the linear dimensions on the map are reduced.

The scale of the plan is the same at all its points.

The map scale at each point has its own particular value, depending on the latitude and longitude of the given point. Therefore, its strict numerical characteristic is a partial scale - the ratio of the length of an infinitesimal segment D/ on the map to the length of the corresponding infinitesimal segment on the surface of the ellipsoid of the globe. However, for practical measurements on a map, its main scale is used.

Forms of expression of scale

The designation of scale on maps and plans has three forms: numerical, named and linear scales.

The numerical scale is expressed as a fraction in which the numerator is one, and the denominator M is a number showing how many times the dimensions on the map or plan are reduced (1: M)

In Russia, standard numerical scales are adopted for topographic maps:

For special purposes, topographic maps are also created at scales of 1: 5,000 and 1: 2,000.

The main scales of topographic plans in Russia are:

1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500.

However, in land management practice, land use plans are most often drawn up at scales of 1: 10,000 and 1:25,000, and sometimes 1: 50,000.

When comparing different numerical scales, the smaller one is the one with the larger denominator M, and, conversely, the smaller the denominator M, the larger the scale of the plan or map.

Thus, a scale of 1: 10,000 is larger than a scale of 1: 100,000, and a scale of 1: 50,000 is smaller than a scale of 1: 10,000.

Named scale

Since the lengths of lines on the ground are usually measured in meters, and on maps and plans - in centimeters, it is convenient to express the scales in verbal form, for example:

There are 50 meters in one centimeter. This corresponds to a numerical scale of 1: 5000. Since 1 meter is equal to 100 centimeters, the number of meters of terrain contained in 1 cm of a map or plan is easily determined by dividing the denominator of the numerical scale by 100.

Linear scale

It is a graph in the form of a straight line segment, divided into equal parts with signed values ​​of the corresponding lengths of terrain lines. Linear scale allows you to measure or plot distances on maps and plans without calculations.

Scale accuracy

The maximum possibility of measuring and constructing segments on maps and plans is limited to 0.01 cm. The corresponding number of meters of terrain on the scale of a map or plan represents the maximum graphic accuracy of a given scale. Since the accuracy of the scale expresses the length of the horizontal location of the terrain line in meters, to determine it, the denominator of the numerical scale should be divided by 10,000 (1 m contains 10,000 segments of 0.01 cm each). So, for a map of scale 1: 25,000, the scale accuracy is 2.5 m; for map 1: 100,000- 10 m, etc.

Scales of topographic maps

Below are the numerical scales of the maps and the corresponding named scales:

1. Scale 1: 100,000

   1 mm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground

   1 cm on the map - 1000 m (1 km) on the ground

   10 cm on the map - 10,000 m (10 km) on the ground

2. Scale 1:10000

   1 mm on the map – 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground

   1 cm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground

   10 cm on the map - 1000m (1 km) on the ground

3. Scale 1:5000

   1 mm on the map – 5 m (0.005 km) on the ground

   1 cm on the map - 50 m (0.05 km) on the ground

   10 cm on the map – 500 m (0.5 km) on the ground

4. Scale 1:2000

   1 mm on the map – 2 m (0.002 km) on the ground

   1 cm on the map – 20 m (0.02 km) on the ground

   10 cm on the map – 200 m (0.2 km) on the ground

5. Scale 1:1000

   1 mm on the map – 100 cm (1 m) on the ground

   1 cm on the map – 1000 cm (10 m) on the ground

   10 cm on the map – 100 m on the ground

6. Scale 1:500

   1 mm on the map – 50 cm (0.5 meters) on the ground

   1 cm on the map – 5 m on the ground

   10 cm on the map – 50 m on the ground

7. Scale 1:200

   1 mm on the map –0.2 m (20 cm) on the ground

   1 cm on the map – 2 m (200 cm) on the ground

   10 cm on the map – 20 m (0.2 km) on the ground

8. Scale 1:100

   1 mm on the map – 0.1 m (10 cm) on the ground

   1 cm on the map – 1 m (100 cm) on the ground

   10 cm on the map – 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground

To convert a numerical scale to a named scale, you need to convert the number in the denominator and corresponding to the number of centimeters into kilometers (meters). For example, 1: 100,000 in 1 cm - 1 km.

To convert a named scale to a numerical scale, you need to convert the number of kilometers to centimeters. For example, in 1 cm - 50 km 1: 5,000,000.

Nomenclature of topographic plans and maps

Nomenclature is a system of layout and designation of topographic plans and maps.

The division of a multi-sheet map into separate sheets according to a certain system is called map layout, and the designation of a sheet of a multi-sheet map is called nomenclature. In cartographic practice, the following map layout systems are used:

• along the lines of the cartographic grid of meridians and parallels;
• along the lines of a rectangular coordinate grid;
• along auxiliary lines parallel to the middle meridian of the map and a line perpendicular to it, etc.

The most widespread in cartography is the layout of maps along the lines of meridians and parallels, since in this case the position of each sheet of the map on the earth's surface is precisely determined by the values ​​of the geographical coordinates of the corners of the frame and the position of its lines. Such a system is universal, convenient for depicting any territory of the globe, except for the polar regions. It is used in Russia, the USA, France, Germany and many other countries of the world.

The nomenclature of maps on the territory of the Russian Federation is based on the international layout of map sheets at a scale of 1:1,000,000. To obtain one map sheet of this scale, the globe is divided by meridians and parallels into columns and rows (belts).

Meridians are drawn every 6°. The columns are counted from 1 to 60 from 180° of the meridian from 1 to 60 from west to east, counterclockwise. The columns coincide with the zones of the rectangular layout, but their numbers differ by exactly 30. So for zone 12, the column number is 42.

Column numbers

Parallels are drawn every 4°. The belts from A to W are counted from the equator to the north and south.

Row numbers

The 1:1,000,000 map sheet contains 4 1:500,000 map sheets, designated by capital letters A, B, C, D; 36 sheets of map 1:200,000, designated from I to XXXVI; 144 sheets of 1:100,000 map, designated from 1 to 144.

The 1:100,000 map sheet contains 4 1:50,000 map sheets, which are designated by capital letters A, B, C, D.

The 1:50,000 map sheet is divided into 4 1:25,000 map sheets, which are designated by lowercase letters a, b, c, d.

Within a sheet of map 1:1,000,000, the arrangement of numbers and letters when designating sheets of maps 1:500,000 and larger is done from left to right in rows and in the direction to the south pole. The initial row is adjacent to the northern frame of the sheet.

The disadvantage of this layout system is the change in the linear dimensions of the northern and southern frames of the map sheets depending on the geographic latitude. As a result, as they move away from the equator, the sheets take on the appearance of increasingly narrow strips stretched along the meridians. Therefore, topographic maps of Russia at all scales from 60 to 76° northern and southern latitudes are published in double longitude sheets, and in the range from 76 to 84° - in quadruple sheets (on a scale of 1:200,000 - folded) in longitude sheets.

The nomenclature of map sheets at scales 1:500,000, 1:200,000 and 1:100,000 is composed of the nomenclature of a map sheet of 1:1,000,000, followed by the addition of designations for map sheets of the corresponding scales. The nomenclatures of double, triple or quadruple sheets contain the designations of all individual sheets presented in the table:

Nomenclatures of topographic map sheets for the northern hemisphere.

On sheets of the southern hemisphere, a signature (YUP) is placed to the right of the nomenclature.

N37

On the sheets of topographic maps of the entire scale series, along with the nomenclature, their coded digital designations (ciphers) are placed, which are necessary for recording maps using automated means. Coding of nomenclature consists of replacing letters and Roman numerals with Arabic numerals. In this case, the letters are replaced by their serial numbers in the alphabet. The numbers of belts and columns of the 1:1,000,000 map are always indicated by two-digit numbers, for which a zero is added to the single-digit numbers in front. The numbers of the 1:200,000 map sheets within the 1:1,000,000 map sheet are also designated by two-digit numbers, and the numbers of the 1:100,000 map sheets are indicated by three-digit numbers (one or two zeros are assigned to the front of single-digit and two-digit numbers, respectively).

Knowing the nomenclature of maps and the system for its construction, you can determine the scale of the map and the geographic coordinates of the corners of the sheet frame, that is, determine which part of the earth's surface a given map sheet belongs to. And, conversely, knowing the scale of the map sheet and the geographic coordinates of the corners of its frame, you can establish the nomenclature of this sheet.

To select the necessary sheets of topographic maps for a specific area and quickly determine their nomenclature, there are special prefabricated tables:

Composite tables are schematic blank maps of a small scale, divided by vertical and horizontal lines into cells, each of which corresponds to a specific sheet of a map of the appropriate scale. The prefabricated tables indicate the scale, signatures of meridians and parallels, designations of columns and zones of the map layout 1:1,000,000, as well as the rank order of the sheet numbers of larger scale maps within the sheets of the millionth map. Prefabricated tables are used when drawing up applications for the necessary maps, as well as for geographical recording of topographic maps in troops and in warehouses, and drawing up documents on the cartographic provision of territories. A stripe or area of ​​troop operations (route of movement, area of ​​exercises, etc.) is plotted on the composite table of maps, then the nomenclature of sheets covering the stripe (area) is determined. For example, in an application for map sheets 1:100,000 of the area shaded in the figure, it is written O-36-132, 144, 0-37-121, 133; N-36-12, 24; N"37-1, 2, 13, 14.

Topic 9.

The sheet area of ​​a topographic map at a scale of 1:25000, if the territory of Ukraine is depicted on it, is about 965 sq.m. It is impossible to work with a topographic map of this size in a field or on a table. It will be very bulky. For convenience, it is divided into separate sheets (tablets).

The system of dividing cards into sheets according to a certain law is called layout .

Distinguish trapezoidal And rectangular layout

In the case of trapezoidal, the layout of sheets of an international map at a scale of 1:1000000 is taken as a basis. In order to obtain one sheet of a topographic map at a scale of 1:1000000, the entire surface of the globe is conditionally divided by meridians into columns through longitude from the meridian and parallels into belts through latitude to the north and south of the equator line (Fig. 9.1). In total, there are 60 columns for the entire globe and 22 belts for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Near the poles, the belts measure in latitude.

As a result, at the intersection of the columns and belts, trapezoids are formed in size in longitude and latitude, each of which is depicted on one sheet at a scale of 1:1000000.

Thus, the entire surface of the globe is depicted on 2640 sheets, and the territory of the CIS is covered by approximately 230 sheets of a millionth map. An image of the territory of Ukraine takes up almost 6 sheets of a map at a scale of 1:1000000, and an image on a large scale will require a significantly larger number of separate sheets.

To determine the position of individual map sheets on the surface of the globe, a system for their recording and designation has been developed, which is called nomenclature.

Nomenclature is a system for designating individual sheets of maps. The upper (north) and lower (south) sides of the map frame are parallels, and the sides (western and eastern) are meridians. The nomenclature of each sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1000000 consists of the designation of the belt and the number of the column.

The columns are numbered in Arabic numerals from 1 to 60. The columns are counted from the meridian with longitude counterclockwise, i.e. from west to east (Fig. 9.1). Thus, the column numbers differ from the zone numbers by 30 units.

The belts are designated by capital letters of the Latin alphabet from A to U north and south of the equator.

The nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1000000 consists of the belt number and column number, written with a hyphen. Thus, the city of Moscow is located on sheet N-37, and the city of Donetsk is located on sheets of maps L-37 and M-37.

The difference between the belts of the Northern Hemisphere and the belts of the Southern Hemisphere is achieved by adding the letter and in front, respectively. On maps of states located in the Northern Hemisphere, a letter is not included in the map designation.

According to international agreement, the nomenclature of map sheets at a scale of 1:1000000 is adopted uniform for all countries. For maps of other scales in different countries, the nomenclature may be different.

According to the same international agreement, the layout of maps is regulated only up to latitude. For higher latitudes, it is recommended to connect map sheets in pairs, for example, and to the north of the parallel with latitude, the number of combined sheets increases fourfold, because the size of one trapezoid decreases sharply from 2330 square meters. cm in the south (Turkmenistan - belt) up to 416 sq. cm in the northern regions (belt).

The rule for further layout of sheets of topographic maps is to constantly divide a sheet of a map of a smaller scale by meridians and parallels into an integer number of trapezoids of sheets of a map of a larger scale. An example of the layout of a scale series of topographic maps is shown in Fig. 9.2. and 9.3

a) four sheets of a map at a scale of 1:500000, which are designated by large Cyrillic letters - A, B, C, D. The dimensions of each sheet are in longitude and in latitude. The nomenclature of a separate sheet of scale 1:500000 includes the nomenclature of a map sheet of scale 1:1000000 with the addition of one of the four capital letters of the Cyrillic alphabet A, B, V, or G. For example, .

b) 36 sheets of map at a scale of 1:200000, which are designated by Roman numerals I, II, ..., XXXVI. Sheet dimensions in longitude - , in latitude - . An example of the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:200000 - .

c) 144 sheets of maps at a scale of 1:100000, which are designated by Arabic numerals from 1 to 144. Sheet dimensions in longitude - and latitude - . An example of the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:100000 - .

To graph sheets of maps of larger scales, a sheet of map at a scale of 1:100000 is taken as a basis (Fig. 9.3). Map sheet at scale 1:100000, for example, , having dimensions in longitude and - in latitude, is divided into 4 sheets of maps at a scale of 1:50000, which are indicated by large Cyrillic letters A, B, C, D (Fig. 9.4,a). The dimensions of a map sheet at a scale of 1:50000 are longitude and latitude.

The sheet nomenclature is obtained by adding the corresponding letter to the nomenclature of a 1:100000 scale map, for example, ..

A sheet of a map of scale 1:50000 is divided into four sheets of a map of scale 1:25000, which are designated by lowercase Cyrillic letters a, b, c, d. The nomenclature of a map sheet of scale 1:25000 is made up of the nomenclature of a map sheet of scale 1:50000 with the addition of a lowercase Cyrillic letter. For example, . Sheet dimensions in longitude - , in latitude - .

Each sheet of scale 1:25000 is divided into 4 sheets of a map of scale 1:10000, which are designated by Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4. An example of the nomenclature of a map sheet of scale 1:10000, for example,. The dimensions of the sheet in longitude are , and in latitude - .

As a basis for laying out sheets of maps at a scale of 1:5000 in areas of more than 20 square meters. km, a map sheet of scale 1:100000 is accepted, which is divided into 256 parts (Fig. 9.4,a).

Each sheet of a 1:5000 map is designated by Arabic numerals from 1 to 256, and the nomenclature includes the nomenclature of a sheet of a 1:100,000 map and the sheet number (in parentheses) of a 1:5000 map. For example, . The dimensions of a map sheet at a scale of 1:5000 in longitude are , and in latitude - .

Each sheet of scale 1:5000 is divided into 9 sheets of maps of scale 1:2000, which are designated by small Cyrillic letters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h (Fig. 9.4, b).

The nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:2000 consists of the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1:5000 and one of the small letters, for example, . The dimensions of a map sheet at a scale of 1:2000 in longitude are , and in latitude - .

In Fig. Figure 9.3 shows summary indicators of trapezoidal layout and nomenclature of sheets of maps and plans of different scales, as well as the sizes of their frames.

For topographic plans created for cities and towns and areas with an area of ​​less than 20 square meters. km, a rectangular layout is adopted. The frames of the plan field are the axes and rectangular state or local coordinate systems. The dimensions of the frames for plans at a scale of 1:5000 are 40x40 cm, for scales 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500 - 50x50 cm.

The basis for laying out plans at scales of 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500 is a sheet of scale 1:5000, which is designated by Arabic numerals. For this reason, for a specific site, a layout diagram of tablets (sheets) at a scale of 1:5000 should be drawn up, indicating each tablet (Fig. 9.5, a).

Each sheet of scale 1:5000 is divided into 4 sheets of scale 1:2000, the frame dimensions of which are 50x50 cm. The sheet is designated by capital Cyrillic letters A. B, C, G. An example of the nomenclature of a sheet of scale 1:2000: (Fig. 9.5,b) .

One sheet of scale 1:2000 is divided into:

a) 4 sheets of topographic plans on a scale of 1:1000 with frame sizes of 50x50 cm, which are designated by Roman numerals I, II, III, IV. Example of nomenclature: (Fig. 9.5, c).

b) 16 sheets of topographic plans at a scale of 1:500 with frame sizes of 50x50 cm, which are designated by Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, ..., 16. The nomenclature of a sheet of a plan at a scale of 1:500 is made up of the nomenclature of a sheet of scale 1:2000 and the corresponding Arabic numeral. For example, (Fig. 9.5,d)