Conventional signs on the presentation map. Presentation "topographic maps and their reading". Let's fight the snake. He went once gold

Laboratory work 1 Topic: Topographic maps and plans. Scales. Conditional signs. Linear measurements on topographic maps and plans Purpose: To get acquainted with topographic maps and plans, scales, types of symbols. Master the measurement and construction of segments using graphic scales Work plan: 1. Topographic plan and topographic map 2. Symbols 3. Scales, scale accuracy 4. Linear measurements on topographic plans and maps 5. Construction of segments of a given length using a transverse scale 6. Measuring the length of broken and curved segments 7. Homework (Individual settlement and graphic work)

1. Topographic plan and topographic map A topographic plan is a reduced and similar image on paper in conventional signs of horizontal projections of the contours of objects and the relief of a small area without taking into account the sphericity of the Earth. According to the content, plans are of two types: contour (situational) - they depict only local objects; topographic - local objects and relief are depicted.

1. Topographic plan and topographic map According to the content of the map, there are the following types: general geographical - they show the earth's surface in all its diversity; special purpose maps (soil maps, peat deposits maps, vegetation maps, etc.), on which individual elements are depicted with special completeness - soils, peat deposits, vegetation, etc. Maps are conditionally divided into three types according to the scale: small-scale (smaller than 1:); medium-scale (1: - 1:); large-scale (scale from 1: to 1:10,000); Scales of plans - larger than 1: Topographic map - a reduced generalized image in conventional symbols on paper of horizontal projections of the contours of artificial and natural objects and the relief of a significant area of the Earth, taking into account its sphericity.

2. Conventional signs Conventional signs, which are used to designate various terrain items on plans and maps, are the same for the whole of Russia and, according to the nature of the image, are divided into 2 groups. Scale (areal) symbols serve to depict objects that occupy a significant area and are expressed on the scale of a map or plan. An areal symbol consists of a boundary symbol of an object and icons that fill it or a symbol of color. At the same time, terrain objects are depicted in compliance with the scale, which makes it possible to determine from a plan or map not only the location of the object, but also its size and shape. Off-scale are called such conventional signs, by which objects of the area are depicted without observing the scale of the map or plan, which indicates only the nature and position of the object in space in its center (wells, geodesic signs, springs, pillars, etc.). These signs do not allow us to judge the size of the depicted local objects. For example, on a large-scale map, the city of Tomsk is represented as an outline (to scale); on the map of Russia as a point (out of scale).

2. Conventional signs According to the way they are displayed on the map, conventional signs are divided into 3 subgroups: A. Graphic conventional signs - lines of various configurations (solid, dotted, dash-dotted ...), as well as combinations of them in the form of geometric shapes. Graphic conventions are used to depict objects of a linear type: roads, rivers, pipelines, power lines, etc., the width of which is less than the accuracy of the scale of this map. B. Color conventions: shading with color along the contour of the object; lines and objects of different colors. C. Explanatory symbols - supplement other symbols with digital data, explanatory inscriptions; are placed next to various objects to characterize their property or quality, for example: the width of the bridge, the type of trees, the average height and thickness of the trees in the forest, the width of the carriageway and the total width of the road, etc. On topographic maps, conventional signs are indicated in a strictly defined sequence: Explanations for conventional signs are always given on the right and only on training maps.

3. Scales, scale accuracy When drawing up maps and plans, horizontal projections of segments are depicted on paper in a reduced form, i. on a scale. Scale of the map (plan) - the ratio of the length of the line on the map (plan) to the length of the horizontal projection of the terrain line:. (1) Scales are numerical and graphic. Numerical 1) In the form of a simple fraction:, (2) where m is the degree of reduction or the denominator of the numerical scale. 2) In the form of a named ratio, for example: in 1 cm 20 m, in 1 cm 10 m Using scales, you can solve the following problems. 1. According to the length of the segment on the plan of a given scale, determine the length of the line on the ground. 2. According to the length of the horizontal projection of the line, determine the length of the corresponding segment on the scale plan.

3. Scales, scale accuracy In order to avoid calculations and speed up work, as well as improve the accuracy of measurements on maps and plans, graphic scales are used: linear (Fig. 1.2) and transverse (Fig. 1.2). Linear scale - a graphic representation of a numerical scale in the form of a straight line. To build a linear scale on a straight line lay a series of segments of the same length. The original segment is called the base of the scale (O.M.). The base of the scale is the conventionally accepted length of segments plotted on a linear scale from zero on the right side of the linear scale and one division on the left side, which in turn is divided into ten equal parts. (M = 1:10000). The linear scale allows you to evaluate the segment with an accuracy of 0.1 fractions of a base accurately and up to 0.01 fractions of a base per eye (for a given scale) m 200 base

3. Scales, scale accuracy For more accurate measurements, a transverse scale is used, which has an additional vertical construction on a linear scale. Transverse scale After setting aside the required number of scale bases (usually 2 cm long, and then the scale is called normal), restore the perpendiculars to the original line and divide them into equal segments (into m parts). If the base is divided into n equal parts and the division points of the upper and lower bases are connected by inclined lines as shown in the figure, then the segment. The transverse scale allows you to estimate the segment exactly at 0.01 shares of the base, and up to 0.001 shares of the base - by eye. base A e g 3 p 1 2 f d 0 B m n n c

3. Scales, scale accuracy The transverse scale is engraved on metal rulers, which are called scales. Before using the scale bar, you should evaluate the base and its shares according to the following scheme. Example: Let the numerical scale be 1:5000, the named ratio will be: in 1 cm 50 m. If the transverse scale is normal (base 2 cm), then: one whole scale base (r.m.) - 100 m; 0.1 scale base - 10 m; 0.01 scale base - 1 m; 0.001 scale base - 0.1 m.

3. Scales, scale accuracy Scale accuracy makes it possible to determine which objects of the area can be depicted on the plan and which are not due to their small size. The reverse question is also being solved: on what scale should the plan be drawn up so that objects having, for example, dimensions of 5 m, are depicted on the plan. In order to make a certain decision in a particular case, the concept of scale accuracy is introduced. In this case, they proceed from the physiological capabilities of the human eye. It is accepted that it is impossible to measure the distance using a compass and a scale ruler, more accurately than 0.1 mm, on this scale (this is the diameter of a circle from a sharply honed needle). Therefore, the maximum accuracy of the scale is understood as the length of the segment on the ground, corresponding to 0.1 mm on the plan of this scale. In practice, it is accepted that the length of a segment on a plan or map can be estimated with an accuracy of ± 0.2 mm. The horizontal distance on the ground, corresponding to a given scale of 0.2 mm on the plan, is called the graphic accuracy of the scale. Therefore, at this scale (1:2000), the smallest differences that can be identified graphically are 0.4 m. The accuracy of the transverse scale is the same as the accuracy of the graphical scale.

4. Linear measurements on topographic maps and plans Segments, the length of which is determined from a map or plan, can be straight and curvilinear. It is possible to determine the linear dimensions of an object on a map or plan using: 1. a ruler and a numerical scale; Measuring a segment with a ruler, we get, for example, 98 mm, or on a scale of -980 m. When evaluating the accuracy of linear measurements, it should be taken into account that a segment with a length of at least 0.5 mm can be measured with a ruler - this is the magnitude of the error in linear measurements using a ruler 2. measuring compass and linear scale; 3. compass-measuring and transverse scale.

4. Linear measurements on topographic maps and plans of a measuring compass and a linear scale; The measurement of segments using a linear scale is carried out in the following order: take the segment to be measured into the solution of the measuring compass; attach a compass solution to the base of a linear scale, while its right leg is combined with one of the strokes of the base so that the left leg fits on the base to the left of zero (on a fractional basis); count the number of integers and tenths of the base of the scale:

4. Linear measurements on topographic maps and plans of the measuring compass and transverse scale digitize the transverse scale (normal) on the map scale (in this case 1:10000): .0 7 o. m. 0.001 o.m. 0.8 o.m o.m.

5. Construction of segments of a given length using a transverse scale Let it be required to set aside a segment on a map with a scale of 1:5000, the length of which is 173.3 m. 1. Make a painting in accordance with the scale of the map (1:5000): tenths, hundredths and thousandths of a scale base. 3. Dial on the measuring compass using a transverse scale the calculated number of whole, tenths, hundredths and thousandths of the scale bases. 4. Draw a segment on paper - pierce a sheet of paper and circle the resulting two points with circles. The diameter of the circles is 2-3 mm. Section length Fig. 6. Making a segment of a given length on paper

6. Measurement of the length of broken and curved segments Measurement of broken segments is carried out in parts or by the method of extension (Fig. 7): install the legs of the meter at points a and b, lay the ruler in the direction b-c, move the meter leg from point a to point a1, add a segment b-c, etc. a а1а1 а3а3 c e d b а2а2 7. Measurement of the length of broken segments by the method of extension Measurement of curved segments is possible in several ways:. 1.using curvimeter (approximate); 2. by extension; 3.constant solution meter.

7. Problem solving 1. The length of the line on the map (2.14 cm) and on the ground (4280.0 m) is known. Determine the numerical scale of the map. (2.48 cm; 620 m) 2. Write a named scale corresponding to the numerical scale 1:500, 1: (1:2000, 1:10000) 3. On the plan M 1:5000, display an object whose length on the ground is 30 m. Determine the length of the object on the plan in mm. 4. Determine the limiting and graphical accuracy of the scale 1:1000; 1: Using a measuring compass and a normal transverse scale, set aside a segment of 74.4 m on a piece of paper on a scale of 1:2000. (1415 m on a scale of 1:25000) 6. Using a transverse scale, determine the distance between the absolute marks of the points - 129.2 and 122.1 (square of the training map). (141.4 and 146.4 (square 67-12). 7. Measure the length of the stream (up to the Golubaya River) (square 64-11) using a curvimeter and a compass-measuring device with a solution of 1 mm. Compare the results. 8. Horizontal the distance between two points on the plan M 1:1000 is 2 cm. Determine the distance between these points on the ground.

References 1. Guidelines for laboratory work on the discipline "Geodesy and Topography" for full-time students of the direction "Geophysical methods of prospecting and Exploration of mineral deposits" and "Geophysical methods of well research". - Tomsk: ed. TPU, 2006 - 82 p. 2. Fundamentals of geodesy and topography: textbook / V.M. Perederin, N.V. Chukharev, N.A. Antropova. - Tomsk: Publishing House of the Tomsk Polytechnic University, p. 3. Symbols for topographic plans at scales 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500 / Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. – M.: Nedra, p.

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Slides captions:

Topographic signs Presentation for the mini-project "TOURISTS" Municipal preschool educational budgetary institution kindergarten No. 7 of the combined type of the city of Svobodny Prepared by: Anastasia Alexandrovna Kholodnaya instructor in f / k I qualification category 2013

Topographic signs It can be called: "Conventional signs" Conventional signs (designations), graphic symbols, with the help of which they show (indicate) types of objects on maps, their location, shapes, sizes, qualitative and quantitative characteristics. There are off-scale (or point), line and area signs, they can be static or dynamic (eg, on animated maps). The table of conventional symbols used on the map, together with textual explanations for them, is called the legend of the map. Symbols of topographic maps are standard for each scale and are mandatory for use. For most thematic maps, the signs are not unified, so the legends are placed directly on the map sheet.

"Map Legend" is a table with conventional signs. "Map Legend"

Symbols - HYDROGRAPHY

Symbols - VEGETATIONS

Check yourself lake

bushes

meadows II II II II II II II

Single trees Coniferous tree Deciduous tree

Field and forest roads

Poster - riddle

The poster is a riddle Questions: - How many tourists live in the camp? - When did they come here? (yesterday, now) - Is it far from the camp to the nearest village? - What weather phenomenon? - What is the wind blowing? - What time is it now? - Find a natural compass? - Who was on duty at the fire yesterday? - Where did the day and month hide? (find and name the date)

Thank you for your attention!

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

"In the country of road signs." Scenario show of road signs for children of senior preschool age

The scenario of the show of road signs for children of senior preschool age about the rules of the road and safe behavior on the streets ...

KVN "Traffic Light Lessons" in the preparatory speech therapy group Theme "Learning to read road signs" KVN "Lessons of the Traffic Light" in the preparatory speech therapy group Theme "Learning to read road signs"

Objectives: to consolidate and deepen children's knowledge of safe behavior on the street - where you can and where you can not play; rules for safe crossing the road, the correct behavior of children when riding a bicycle ...

Every sign is needed, every sign is important

Purpose: To give an idea of the different types of road signs - prohibiting and allowing; Tasks: To teach children to distinguish between road signs - allowing from prohibiting; - to consolidate knowledge about the rules of the road ...

Conventional signs of topographic maps

SYMBOLS
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

7.1 The concept of a conventional sign and its purpose

7.1 THE CONCEPT OF THE CONDITIONAL
SIGN AND ITS PURPOSE
Cartographic symbols are
graphic constructions (notation)
certain size, shape and color, with
which are used to show on maps
various geographical objects and objects
terrain (settlements, rivers, lakes,
relief, vegetation, iron and horse-drawn
roads, etc.). All terrain features
depicted on the plans in orthogonal
projections (top view) in the form of lines, points or
contours

Concerning lines and points that correspond
the actual position of objects on
terrain, build conventional signs, and inside the contours
give filling (explanatory) symbols,
generally in shape and appearance
resembling the object depicted. For example, in
scale 1:10 000 the forest is represented by circles
with a diameter of 1.1 mm, young shoots - circles
smaller diameter, 0.6 mm, rare forest -
circle with undercut. This approach to
image of related objects
uniform conventional signs contributes
their best memory.

Symbols are designed in such a way that
they could be easily built and drawn by hand
or with drawing tools.
Most of the symbols are
a combination of dots, lines, strokes and simple
geometric shapes. Symbols developed
also taking into account the optimal proportions of its
designs, the possibility of their reproduction in
printing without losing quality

To improve the readability of the map and to distinguish
displayed terrain objects, for conditional
signs introduced the following colors: blue - with
hydrography image, brown - relief,
black - settlements, road network, etc.

7.2 Types of symbols

Great variety of objects
terrain according to shape, square led
to the need for classification
conventional signs

Large-scale (areal) symbols.
Scale symbols are applied
when the dimensions of the terrain objects
expressed at the scale of the map. objects,
projected onto the map in the form of a limited
the contour of the area and filled inside
conventional signs or signatures are called
areal or contour. Inside the square
conventional signs are placed evenly in
arbitrary or strictly defined
arrangement. Conventional signs that fill the entire
area, do not indicate any location
the objects themselves within the contour, nor their
quantity or size

Sometimes instead of filling symbols
background color is applied. For example,
the area occupied by the forest is painted in
green color. Sometimes filling is used
area with a dashed symbol on
background coloration. For example, area
occupied by fruit and citrus
gardens, painted over in green and
fill in with dashed symbols in
the form of circles located
vertical and horizontal rows

Often on the original map instead
filling symbol inside the contour
provide an explanatory note. For example,
on a scale plan of 1:5,000, the outline of the garden is not
filled with hatching or gray fill
colors as it is done on the scale map
1:10 000, and signed - "garden"

Linear symbols.
Linear symbols include conventional
signs having a linear extent - roads,
borders, hedges, etc. On the map of their projection
look like lines. Linear symbols
preserve on the scale of the map the extent of one or
another object, and the width of the object can
exaggerate. The symbol is under construction
relative to the axis of a linear object

On plans of scale 1:2,000, 1:5,000, etc. roads
are expressed on the scale of the map not only in length,
but also in width. On both sides of the freeway line
dotted green line (or two
parallel lines) a ditch is shown. AT
rupture of the road is given its characteristics,
denoting: 8 - bandwidth in meters; 2-
number of lanes; 24.5 - the width of the road from the ditch
to the ditch, in meters; C - coating material

Off-scale symbols.
This type includes conventional signs of individual
objects of the area, the area of which is not
expressed at the scale of the map. Their projection on
map is a point. About this point
one or another off-scale sign is being built. To such
objects of the area can be attributed points
state geodetic network, separately
standing trees, road signs, windmills, etc.

The symbol is centered on a point in different ways, in
depending on its shape and pattern: if conditional
the sign looks like a geometric figure, then
actual situation on the ground
object corresponds to its geometric center
(a); if there is a straight line in the figure of the symbol
corner, then the vertex of the corner is taken as the center of the sign or
the base of the sole of the sign (b);

if the symbol is represented by a figure with
wide base, then such a sign
centered on a point by the middle of the base (c);
if the symbol is
a combination of several figures, then such a sign
centered on a point by the center of the bottom shape
(G)

Off-scale conventional signs orient
relative to the northern and southern borders of the map, or
the middle meridian, and not relative to the contour,
in which it is placed (d). Kilometer poles
oriented relative to the road, i.e. are put
perpendicular to its line (e)

Explanatory symbols and signatures,
digital characteristics.
A special group includes explanatory
signatures and digital data that are given on
additional quality card or
quantitative characteristic. They are like
usually used in conjunction with
scale, linear and off-scale
conventional signs

To explanatory symbols
include, for example, signs indicating
the predominant type of forest or
shrub. Here is a quantitative
characteristic denoting the average
height of trees or shrubs, average
the thickness of the trees, as well as the density of the forest. On the
swamps is signed by their average depth

Often an explanatory label on the map
given in abbreviated form. She usually
located to the right of the symbol or
in a free place where she's good
visible. The signature is placed on such
distance from the symbol, so as not to
doubts arose as to which conditional
it belongs to the sign. explanatory
signature, as well as numerical characteristics,
located parallel to the north and south
map frame

The exception is the signatures of buildings on
topographic plans at a scale of 1:2,000 and larger. They are
are placed inside the contour of buildings, in the middle,
parallel to the long side of the building. The same applies to
signatures of area symbols, for example, "garden"

7.3 Symbol tables

7.3 CONDITIONAL TABLES
SIGNS
Drawing, color and size of symbols for
topographic maps and plans set
in special tables of conventional signs.
Tables of conventional signs published in
Russia are mandatory for all
departments and institutions surveying or
drawing up a topographic map (plan)
on one scale or another

Symbols of all scales are
standard and usually agreed
among themselves in form (drawing) and color. AT
only changes with scale.
symbol size. Such consistency
facilitates card sharing
different scales. For each or several
scales are published tables of conventional signs

For example, conventional signs in the tables "Conventional
signs for a topographic scale map
1:10,000", published in 1977, grouped by
sections according to the main objects
terrain: geodetic points; inhabited
points and individual buildings; industrial,
agricultural and socio-cultural
objects; railways and structures attached to them;
hydrography; relief; vegetation; soils and
microforms of the earth's surface; borders and
fences

In addition to conventional signs, the tables contain
samples of fonts for inscriptions, scales of foundations,
framing and framing.
Such a grouping of conventional signs into sections
makes them easier to use. In addition to the conditional
signs in the tables give examples of their combinations, and in
at the end of the book are explanations of the conditional
signs giving instructions on
drawing one or another conventional sign (its
orientation, drawing sequence,
centering rules, etc.)

Most convention tables consist of
three graphs. The first column contains the ordinal
the number of the symbol, in the second - the name
conventional sign and in the third - its image.
Near the image of the conventional sign, its
sizes. Sometimes in the column "image" there are two
sign under the headings "a" and "b". At the symbol
under the heading "a" are the dimensions, and the symbol
under the heading "b" there are no sizes. It means that
the first character is used when the dimensions
object are not expressed to scale, the second - when
its area is shown on the scale of the map

The symbol should be drawn by
color as it is given in the conditional tables
signs. The exception is the elements
hydrography. In the tables they are given in blue or
blue color. When drawing
filming original line drawing
blue is replaced with green. Same
most applies to hydrographic inscriptions and
symbol of swamps

Sometimes the column "image is divided into two
columns. The first column shows
image of the symbol as it is
is performed on the shooting original, and in
the second is as shown on the colorful
impression, i.e. on the published map. tracing
conventional signs on the shooting original in
scale 1:10 000, their image follows
take from the first column - "on the set
original"

Quite often after the name
symbol in square bracket
there is a figure, it refers to
explanations at the end of the tables.
Here are examples of using
tables

Example 1. It is necessary to draw on the shooting
original topographic map symbol
"capital structures of tower type". This
the sign is in the tables "Conventional signs for
topographic map at a scale of 1:10,000" on
page 5 tab. 3, no. 16a. It can be seen from the table that
symbol is drawn in black,
its total height is 3.0 mm, and the diameter of the filled
mug is 1.2 mm. In addition, to the right of
conventional sign is given the signature "waters", height
2.1 (or 1.8) in lowercase (see
tables symbol No. 527, p. 66)

Example 2. It is necessary to find in the tables and draw on
shooting original, the conventional sign "continuous thickets
shrubs." This symbol is on page 47 No.
361. In the column "image" two images are given
this symbol. In the first case, the symbol
shrub is shown in red on a white background, and in
the second - in black on a green background. Image
the symbol is taken from the column "on the shooting
original"

In the middle of the contour, a characteristic is given
bushes: a symbol is drawn
wood in black and put a number,
denoting the average height of shrubs in
meters. The size of the symbol of the tree can be
find in the tables (symbol No. 363). In the end
the name of this symbol is a number
203. In "Explanations to Conventional Signs" on p.
109 in § 203 we find: “Solid thickets
shrubs in the presence of additional
requirements (when surveying for land reclamation
lands, etc.) are characterized on the map
an inscription indicating the predominant
breed - "willow", "juniper", etc. "

7.4 Methodology for constructing and drawing conventional signs

7.4 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE AND
DRAWING CONDITIONAL
SIGNS
This paragraph deals with
construction and drawing technique
the most commonly used conditionals
signs on the example of a scale of 1:10,000 and
some signs of scales 1:50 000 and
1:2 000

Conventional signs, as a rule, are built first in
pencil, and then drawn in various
ink color. When constructing a conditional sign
use a sinus instrument, thickness scale
lines, as well as plastic palettes and
stencils. Ink drawing symbols
draw with a drawing pen
(according to the ruler), single crank or
double, caliper

Geodetic points.
Geodetic points are plotted on the map by
coordinates, so they must be
drawn with great care. Consider
order of construction and drawing of some
geodetic points and symbols

Example 1. Conventional sign of the state
geodetic network (triangulation point). Table
on the left side of the sign, the size is 2.0 mm. it
means that you must first build
in a pencil, a square with sides of 2.0 mm.
The construction of a square begins with holding in
pencil horizontal and vertical lines
through a point plotted by coordinates and
corresponding to the actual situation
triangulation point on the ground. shifting
sinus ruler from the horizontal line by 1/3
down and 2/3 up from the specified nominal size
sign (approximately this will correspond to
values of 0.7 mm and 1.3 mm), carry out
auxiliary lines

The same lines are built at a distance of 1.0 mm to the left and
to the right of the dot. The resulting triangle vertices
connect. When drawing a symbol
ink can be used with a drawing pen, but
draw the sides of the triangle
ruler. So that the ink from the drawing pen does not
leaked under the ruler, it is best to use
wooden ruler with plastic insert
in the middle of the ruler or a small plastic
triangle on small legs-stands, i.e.
the edge of the ruler or triangle should be slightly
raised. For ease of use, the ruler and
the triangle should be small
size

Settlements and individual buildings.
The drawing of the settlement begins with
objects that have the value of landmarks
(industrial enterprises, facilities
towers, churches, etc.)

Symbol of a capital structure
tower type begin with building it
lower part, i.e. from the circle. By placing the needle
caliper to a point that corresponds
the actual position of this building
on the ground, draw a circle
with a diameter of 0.6 mm, then a
vertical pencil line and
lay on it up from the bottom
circumference equal to the total height
conventional sign, i.e. 3 mm. Fill circle
performed in black ink using a drawing
pen

After objects that have the value of landmarks,
draw the main streets and driveways, as well as
prominent buildings and buildings, separately
located outside the quarters, other passages and
buildings within neighborhoods. Straight sections
streets and driveways are drawn by a drawer according to
ruler or double drawing pen, and
curved - according to patterns or drawings
pen by hand. If the symbol of any
landmark breaks the line of the street, then the line
streets are not brought to the symbol by 0.2 mm

All are drawn along the ruler with a drawing pen
large buildings, and on the plans 1:5,000, 1:2,000,
1:1 000 and 1:500 - almost all buildings.
Large buildings on a scale of 1:10,000,
1:25,000, 1:50,000 and the built-up part of blocks
easier to draw with a drawing pen,
using the small triangle
legs-stands or a short ruler with
insert. Small buildings are drawn
drawing pen by hand, while you need
ensure that building corners are clear
marked

When drawing a settlement of a rural
type on a scale of 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 after
drawing the main streets and driveways
allocate the built-up part of the settlement
drawing lines parallel to the lines of the streets,
at a distance of 1.4–1.5 mm (1:25,000) or 1.1–
1.2 mm (1:50,000) from them. Built-up part in
scale 1:25 000 is isolated on the shooting
original painted yellow or orange
colors depending on the predominance in the quarter
non-fire-resistant or fire-resistant buildings

On topographic plans at a scale of 1:5,000
non-fireproof residential buildings are shown
single hatching, and the buildings are fire-resistant
non-residential - cross hatching. For
hatching use sinus
rulers and drawer. Hatching in progress
at an angle of 45° to the card frame line.

Depending on the orientation of the buildings, the angle
hatching may vary slightly, it is important
so that the hatch lines are not parallel
building lines (Figure 7.5a). On the plans
scales 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500 are given
characteristics of each building. Inside
building outlines are lettered material
walls (only for fire-resistant), purpose
buildings (residential, non-residential, etc.) and numbers -
number of storeys

On a scale of 1:10,000 hatched in the form
alternating dotted and solid lines
allocate vegetable gardens. Depending on the
dimensions of the area of the distance between the lines
hatching can be changed: give more
sparse over large areas and less
sparse - on small ones. For large areas
hatching is performed in different directions, but
it should not be parallel to the contour lines
vegetable garden. Pre-garden area
break with pencil lines
into several areas. First
dotted line is given
then solid

Industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities.
The figure shows the construction of industrial and
agricultural objects depicted
off-scale conventions. Building all these
conventional signs start from the point that corresponds to
the actual position of the object on the ground.
The dotted line shows the auxiliary pencil
constructions that are performed using sinus
rulers and stencils. Conventional sign of the mouths of mine shafts
in the figure, you can start with ink drawing
circles and then do
auxiliary
pencil constructions
to complete
constructing a symbol

Pipelines, power lines, etc. draw
drawer on a ruler, pattern or with the help of a crooked leg.
The details of these symbols (arrows, dots, transverse
strokes, etc.) are marked with a pencil using
special stencils or stencils made on
edge of thick paper. For example, when executing the conditional
sign of ground and aboveground pipelines on supports (c)
first of all, transverse strokes are marked in a pencil, and
circles. Then draw with ink 0.1 mm thick
pipeline line. Draw with a drawing pen
transverse strokes, and with the help of calipers - circles
diameter 0.8 mm

Road network and road structures.
Railways and highways are
linear conventional signs and are drawn on
topographic maps single, double or
triple line. Straight road sections
draw with a drawing pen on a ruler, and
curvilinear - according to patterns, single or
double cranked. When drawing
road network, it is necessary to ensure that
the drawing of the symbol was located
symmetrical about the axial pencil
lines

Railways on topographic maps
shown as a single black line. AT
line thickness depending on the scale
is changing. Cross strokes through
a certain interval is denoted by a number
paths on hauls

Highways and dirt roads according to their degree
technical condition are divided into motorways,
improved highways, highways, improved
dirt and dirt country roads,
hiking trails, etc. On highways of high
class is given a characteristic that denotes
the width of the road and the material of its covering. Before
to draw a road, it is necessary to outline the places where
this characteristic will be given (after about 8–10
cm). On page 66 Symbols of scale 1:10 000
under No. 534 examples of numerical characteristics are given,
their size and font. Instead of topographic 2nd
fonts on the shooting original are used
font

When drawing a conditional sign of a freeway
first draw its axial line with a thickness
0.1mm, and then two side thickened.
Drawing begins with curvilinear
sections of the road. According to the line thickness scale
install drawer pendulums on
thickness of 0.3 mm and the corresponding distance
between the referees. Then draw
straight sections of roads with a drawer with
using a sinus instrument

When moving the sinus ruler from the axial
lines must be taken into account not only
a given gap of 0.75 mm, but also the thickness
lines 0.3 mm. Therefore, the sine line
move by 1.0–1.1 mm
(0.75 + 0.3). Then the preset will be saved.
spacing of 0.75 mm and the total width of the road
will be 2.2 mm

When drawing field roads, caravan routes
and hiking trails are marked with a pencil
using a plastic stencil, the length of the strokes
and gaps. The stencil can be done on the edge
small thick paper
sinus instrument or thickness scale. On the edge
paper outline 5-6 strokes and gaps between
them. Moving the stencil along the axial
pencil line of the road, mark with a pencil
length of strokes and gaps. On sharp turns
roads, a whole link is necessarily drawn. If a
necessary,
link lengthen

Conventional sign of mast semaphores and
traffic lights is drawn so that it
longitudinal axis was perpendicular to the north and
southern frame. Construction and drawing
symbol of semaphores and traffic lights shown
on the image.
When drawing the conventional signs of the embankment and
recesses first draw lines with a pencil,
limiting the length of strokes. strokes
are drawn at a distance of 1 mm from each other, they are not
lead to the railroad line
0.2 mm. To the edges of the symbol length
strokes is reduced to 0.3–0.4 mm

Borders and fences.
Building and drawing borders and fences
has much in common with construction and drawing
field roads and trails. The figure shows
construction and drawing sequence
conditional sign of the state border. middle
symbol strokes borders and centers
circles between them
lie on the center line that corresponds to her
actual position on the ground

With a sinus instrument from the center line
draw two pencils in both directions
parallel lines that limit
length of transverse thin strokes. Then with
using a stencil, mark the length of the links and
spaces between them. cross strokes
can be drawn with a drawing pen or drawing
pen along a ruler or triangle (on legs)

The links are drawn with a drawing pen or
cranked peduncle with the thickness indicated in the tables
conventional signs (in our example - 0.6 mm).
The circles between the links have a diameter equal to
link thickness. They are drawn with calipers,
and then filled with ink using a drawing
pen. If the diameter of the circles is about 0.4 mm
(conventional sign for the boundaries of districts), then they can be
draw with a drawing pen. But it is necessary
so that they are round. Link edges
should be equal

Relief.
The relief on topographic maps is depicted
horizontal lines and symbols of those forms
relief, which are not expressed by contour lines:
ravines, cliffs, landslides, sod ledges,
talus, rocks, etc. Horizontals - lines of equals
heights. For the convenience of determining the height of the relief
on the map every fifth or tenth horizontal in
dependencies on the section of the relief are drawn
thickened line. If the main horizontal
is drawn with a thickness of 0.1 mm, then thickened -
0.2–0.25 mm

To highlight the characteristic landforms, not
expressed by major horizontals, or
to convey changes in slope steepness
draw additional horizontal lines, and for
surface microrelief transfer (depressions,
bumps, saucers, etc.) - auxiliary

Additional and auxiliary horizontals
depicted by a dotted line, on sharp bends
horizontal lines it is necessary to draw a link,
what is achieved by increasing or decreasing
link or gap length. All links
additional and auxiliary
horizontal lines must be coordinated according to
direction, i.e. continue each other

To make it easier to read the map on contour lines
inscriptions and bergstrokes are given - strokes,
showing the directions of slopes, contour lines.
Labels are placed at breaks in contour lines.
so that they are located in the middle of the gap and
with their base turned to the side
relief depression. Labels must be placed
so that they can be easily read.
Bergstrokes are drawn strictly perpendicular to
horizontal and arrange them along the catchment lines
and watershed

The relief image is supplemented with numerical
marks of characteristic points of the terrain, ravines,
cliffs, gullies, mounds, pits and other
positive and negative landforms.
On topographic maps and plans, most
relief elements and their numerical characteristics
are given in brown, and the marks of characteristic
dots are black. Rocks, ridges of stones, fortified ledges, etc. are given in black.

Ravines and gullies less than 3 m wide in
scale 1:10 000 draw single
line with gradual thickening (c)

Ravines and gullies from 3 to 10 m wide
are drawn in two lines, and numerically
the characteristic is indicated in the numerator - the width
on top, in the denominator - the depth (in meters).
If a ravine with a steep slope has a width
more than 10 m, then it
draw with
preservation
actual width
map scale (g)

(e) shows the sequence
drawing this conventional sign (given
characteristic of only the depth of the ravine). Before
just draw the edge of the ravine with a thickness
0.1 mm, mark the height line with a pencil
teeth parallel to the crest of the ravine and only
after that, the cloves themselves are drawn. teeth
ravines are in the form of elongated triangles with
base 0.3–0.4 mm and
draw them strictly
perpendicular
to the edge of the ravine

The maximum height of the teeth at the widest
and the deep part of the ravine is 1.5 mm, in the narrowed
part of the height of the teeth is reduced
up to 0.3–0.4 mm. Distance between teeth
approximately equal to their height. In narrowed
parts of the ravine after the smallest in height
the crest of the ravine is drawn
thickened line (the sign of the ravine). Conditional
the break sign is drawn in the same way
conventional sign of the ravine

Image of sod ledges, in
basically, it resembles a conventional sign of a cliff,
only cloves are given in the form of "cilia", i.e.
teeth have a slightly smaller base and
more closely spaced to each other. Except
moreover, the edge of the turfed ledge with ink is not
drawn

Construction of a conventional sign of turf
the ledge begins with drawing in a pencil
brows (in the figure - a dotted line) and lines,
marking the height of the teeth (e). Then ink
draw teeth, which, with their base
turned to the elevation of relief. After
drawing teeth pencil line
gently erased with a soft rubber band

Screes are divided into screes of loose rocks
(sandy, clayey) and talus of hard rocks
(stony-gravel and pebble).
Sequence and techniques for drawing talus
(g) the following: draw with brown ink
edge of the scree, and in those places where the slope is steep,
- cliff teeth; draw a line in pencil
talus; draw in brown ink drawing
pen symbol of sand (if it is a scree of loose
breeds), and at the edge and in the middle part of the tongues
scree points are given larger, and towards the edges -
small

If these are talus of hard rocks, then draw
conventional sign of pebbles or rocky
surface, and between these signs
draw a conventional sign of sand. Main
horizontal lines through the drawn signs are not
carry out

Vegetation cover and soils.
Elements of vegetation cover and soils
relate mainly to contour conditional
signs, as they occupy a certain area on
map. The contour of vegetation or soil can
transmitted as a closed line or point
dotted line. When depicting contours,
all their angles, turns and sharp
curves

Dotted line drawn with a drawing pen
black ink with round dots with a diameter of 0.3 or
0.2 mm and at a distance of 1.0 or 0.8 mm depending on
from scale. To get round dots do
circular movements with the pen, without tearing off both flaps
from paper. Most of the woody vegetation
shown as circles of different diameters, colors
and drawing

Symbol of the forest (a) for the transfer of solid
stands are circles with a diameter
1.1 mm, placed over the entire area without
layouts. First, inside the contour of the forest is placed
tree characterization. It shows
the predominant tree species signed and
tree pattern (deciduous or coniferous). If the forest
mixed, two signatures and two drawings are given
tree

Figure b shows the construction and drawing
characteristics of the mixed forest stand. On right
from the drawing of trees is placed numerical
characteristic of the forest stand in meters: in the numerator -
the average height of the trees, in the denominator - the average
stem thickness. Tree drawing and caption
the dominant species of the forest is placed
symmetrical about the line of the fraction. Between
fraction bar and numbers (upper and lower)
leave a gap of about 0.5 mm

Then circles are drawn with calipers. And according to
at the edge of the forest, the mugs are denser, for
large areas of forest - at a distance of 6-8 mm
from each other and closer to the dotted contour of the forest.
More than
dispersed (at a distance of about 1 cm and
more). The growth of the forest is drawn in circles
diameter 0.6 mm - smaller than an adult forest

To fulfill the conventional signs of the young
forest plantations and nurseries are first built
pencil line through 2 mm (c).
Intersecting hatch lines gives centers
circles. Drawing them with calipers is better
do line by line, through one intersection of lines
(in checkerboard pattern)

given in random order. Before
in total, throughout the area, places are marked where they will be

ruler or freehand

Conventional signs of a rare forest, windbreaks,
cut, burned and dry forests
given in random order. Primarily
throughout the square, places are marked where they will be
draw these signs, and make
auxiliary constructions in pencil for
each symbol. Ink drawing
perform with a caliper, a drawing pen according to
ruler or freehand

Figure (d) shows the construction of conditional
signs of windbreaks, burnt and dry
forests

Solid thickets of shrubs and saxaul
drawn in red ink. Sign
shrub consists of circles of two sizes.
The central circle of shrubs is drawn
calipers, and three filled circles can be
draw with a drawing pen. Symbol
saxaul has a more complex pattern, on (e)
its construction is shown

Filling conventional signs of grassy
vegetation, reed and reed
thickets, moss vegetation and a number of other
inside the contour are placed in a checkerboard pattern
okay. Therefore, they require
preliminary pencil drawing
sinus instrument or stencil

The symbol of meadow vegetation has
height 0.8 mm and width 0.6 mm. Distances
between characters are 4.0 mm vertically and
4.0 mm horizontal. Specified dimensions
include the height and width of the character. That's why
vertical slicing is done through 0.6 mm and
3.4 mm, and horizontal - through 0.8 mm and 3.2 mm
(e)

Drawing with a drawing pen conditional
meadow signs are performed line by line, through one
cage, such an order will not allow you to stray from
accepted chess arrangement

On (g) the construction of a conventional sign is shown
reed and reed vegetation. Medium
part of the symbol is made in the form
exclamation point, and two side parts -
slightly curved lines with slight thickening
at the top. At the bottom, all three parts
drawings should be on the same line, at a distance
0.3mm apart

The conventional sign of a bumpy surface has
view of three points located at the vertices
conditional equilateral triangle.
Horizontal line in pencil
performed through 3.0 mm and 1.0 mm, and
vertical - through 4.0 mm

The top point is drawn on
vertical pencil drawing, and two
others - on the lower horizontal line on
1.5 mm apart. it
distance between points can be maintained
approximately. The symbol is being drawn
brown ink drawing pen

Sands are also drawn with brown ink.
The symbol has the form of small dots with a diameter
0.1 mm, located close to each other and
evenly over the entire area. So that when
drawing a symbol of the sands did not work
any pattern in the form of concentric
circles or straight lines, first apply
points along a broken horizontal line (b), and then
fill empty spaces evenly

On (c) shows the sequence of drawing
symbol of ridge sands on a scale
1:50 000. First over the entire area in pencil
a drawing of the ridges is planned, (the ridge must be strictly
parallel to the northern or southern frames).
The drawing of each ridge begins with the most
major central point

So that the ridge is perceived as one conditional
sign, the rest of the points, gradually decreasing to
edge of the ridge, placed close to each other. Them
the size must be larger than the size of the dots of even
sands that fill the rest
space. The same sequence
observed when drawing hilly sands,
dune, hole and cellular

On topographic maps, swamps are subdivided
permeability and nature of vegetation.
The drawing of a symbol of swamps begins with
drawing signs of vegetation, which
are placed without markings, evenly throughout
area. If the swamp is impassable or
impassable, then with the help of a drawer on
sinus rulers are hatched in green
ink (instead of the blue given in the Symbols)
after 1.0 mm, interrupting it at signs of vegetation

When performing a conditional sign passable
swamps (d) after drawing the signs
vegetation outline the contours of hatching in
pencil. Hatching is drawn within
pencil outline. Areas free and
occupied by hatching should be
approximately the same

7.5 Ways to perform conventional signs

7.5 METHODS
CONDITIONAL
SIGNS
When building symbols, a lot of time
take preliminary pencil
construction. Significantly speeds up this process
the use of various palettes and stencils,
made on a transparent basis, which
allow for uniform dimensions
conventional sign throughout the area

The figure shows a plastic stencil for
marking the position of the circles of the symbol
fruit and citrus orchards. turned on
The 45° stencil can also be used for
building a sign of young forest plantings

REFERENCES

Egorova T.M. Land management drawing: textbook. allowance
for universities / T.M. Egorova.– M.: Nedra, 1982.– 150 p.
Engineering graphics / V.P. Raklov and others - M .: Kolos, 2004. -
304 p.
Kremneva, A.M. Cartographic drawing and
engraving on plastics / A.M. Kremneva, T.A. Fokina.–
Moscow: Nedra, 1971.
Lebedev, K.M. Topographic drawing. - M .: Nedra,
1981.
Rules for drawing conventional signs on topographic
plans of underground utilities of scale 1:5 000,
1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500 / GUGK.– M.: Nedra, 1981.– 44 p.
Topographic drawing: textbook. for universities / N.N. Losyakov,
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Symbols for topographic plans
scales 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500 / GUGK.– M.:
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for topographic maps at a scale of 1:25,000,
1:50 000, 1:100 000. – M.: VTU GSh, 1983.
Conventions, sample fonts and abbreviations
for topographic maps at a scale of 1:200,000,
1:500 000.– M.: Nedra, 1983.

Fedorchenko, M.V. Land surveying drawing:
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Khokhanovskaya, V.I. Decryption guide
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signs for the purpose of creating plans and maps /
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maps and plans: method. directions to the laboratory. work /
E.A. Shukov; Krasnoyarsk. state agrarian un-t. – Krasnoyarsk,
2007.– 10 p.

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