Unmanned aerial vehicles of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations: types and classification. Classification of aviation maps by purpose Classification of aviation EMERCOM of Russia

Age: 14 years old.

7th grade student, MAOU "Molozorkaltsevskaya Secondary School", Tobolsk district, Tyumen region,

Head: Alexey Viktorovich Tseyner, technology teacher.

Historical research work: “What role does aviation play in rescue operations?”

Plan

1. Introduction.

1.1 Relevance of the study.

1.2 Purpose and objectives of the study

2. The history of the emergence of aviation of the Russian Medical Unit.

3. Classification of aviation by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

4.Tasks of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

5. Air fleet of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia .

6. Examples of rescue operations using aviation.

7. Conclusion.

1. Introduction.

1.1 Relevance of the study.

Every year in Russia there are a large number of different emergency situations of various natures; the degree of their consequences and, most importantly, health and human lives depend on a quick and timely response. However, given the vast area of Russian territory and the inaccessibility of many areas, it must be admitted that without the involvement of aviation, it is almost impossible to carry out rescue operations. Let's try to figure it out.

1.2 Purpose and objectives of the study.

Purpose of the work: to find out in the process of research the degree of significance and role of aviation in carrying out rescue operations.

Research objectives: - to study the history of search and rescue aviation in Russia;

Study the technical characteristics of aircraft search and rescue equipment;

To study the prospects for the introduction of unmanned aircraft in rescue operations;

Based on the results of the study, develop your own project for creating rescue equipment;

2. The history of the emergence of Russian MSCh aviation.

The history of Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia begins on March 13, 1992, when, by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 154, the State Central Airmobile Rescue Squad of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia (TsAMO or Tsentrospas) was created with a separate aviation unit, which received at its disposal the Il-76 aircraft, two An-74 aircraft and four Mi-8 helicopters.

The main purpose of TsAMO was defined as a rapid response to emergencies of a natural and man-made nature. Since that time, the system of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations has organized a round-the-clock duty of rescuers, vehicles, equipment and equipment in a mode of constant readiness for quick action to provide emergency assistance to people in distress with the readiness to fly to the emergency zone by helicopter - up to 1 hour and by plane - up to 3 hours.

In May 1993, to eliminate emergencies on a regional and territorial scale, separate helicopter detachments equipped with multi-purpose and transport helicopters were transferred from the RF Ministry of Defense to the Central, Volga-Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern regional centers for civil and emergency situations.

Since its creation, all aviation units have taken part in almost all rescue and humanitarian operations of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations on an international, federal, regional and territorial scale.

Practice has shown that aviation is the basis on which the mobility and effectiveness of the actions of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations forces should be built. It was for the implementation of this concept that in May 1995, by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 457, the State Unitary Aviation Enterprise (GUAP) of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia was created. The task of aviation support for the activities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation for operational (emergency) response to emergency situations of international and federal scale was assigned to the created structure. In addition, the connection between GUAP and TsAMO has since then become a testing ground for testing new aviation rescue technologies.

The creation of an aviation structure at the central and regional levels made it possible to effectively use it both in Russia and abroad. Repeatedly, pilots of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, in the most difficult weather, climatic and time conditions, demonstrating the highest professionalism, quickly transported rescuers, doctors, experts, necessary equipment and machinery to disaster zones.

An analysis of the use of aviation in the activities of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations showed that not a single task of performing or supporting work in an emergency zone today can be effectively solved without the use of airplanes and helicopters.

The universal professional capabilities of pilots and rescuers, high technical equipment and autonomy of air units made them indispensable when carrying out work to eliminate natural, environmental, man-made and social disasters and catastrophes, as well as in zones of armed conflicts.

This can be confirmed by a number of examples of the actions of the aviation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations to ensure liquidation of the consequences of earthquakes, floods and tsunamis, extinguishing forest, peat fires and fires at industrial facilities, searching for crashed aircraft, and transporting humanitarian aid, including through the UN.

Aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation also takes an active part in special aviation and rescue exercises, exhibitions, and demonstration flights in a number of countries around the world.

All these examples indicate that Aviation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is actively developing and becoming an indispensable means of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the implementation of emergency control systems.

The priority activity of the Aviation Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is the creation of a balanced, operational and effective aviation group, training and maintaining class qualifications of flight personnel in order to increase their readiness for aviation support of emergency response to emergencies.

To solve the problems of eliminating the consequences of emergency situations, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations has the necessary aviation group.

A modern fleet of special aircraft and helicopters makes it possible to create the necessary aviation group for searching and rescuing people in hard-to-reach places and on water, extinguishing fires, conducting general and special aerial reconnaissance, carrying out rescue operations, transferring forces and equipment to emergency zones, and evacuating victims. , organize air control points and solve other problems.

3. Classification of aviation by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

According to the purpose and tasks performed, the Russian Emergency Situations Ministry aviation can be divided into four main classes: multi-purpose, transport, search and rescue and special aviation.

Multi-role aviation

Multi-purpose aviation is airplanes and helicopters capable of performing diverse tasks without changing their design. Their versatility is ensured by the use of multifunctional, quick-detachable on-board equipment. For example, on the Ka-226 helicopters planned for adoption, depending on the mission, it is possible to install a passenger or cargo cabin, a transport platform, an onboard winch for crane installation work, and if a container with special equipment is externally suspended, it can be used for conducting intelligence.

In the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, multi-purpose aviation is represented by domestic helicopters Mi-2, Mi-8, Ka-32 and Western European Bo-105 and Bk-117.

Transport aviation

Transport aviation includes airplanes and helicopters designed primarily for the transportation of goods (cargo), as well as passengers (transport-landing, cargo-passenger and passenger).

Cargo aircraft are transport planes and helicopters designed for transporting cargo and equipment with their accompanying personnel. They have a cargo compartment in which the transported cargo is placed and moored, and are equipped with large cargo hatches, a ramp (ladders) and loading and unloading equipment. Helicopters, in addition, can transport cargo on a flexible or rigid external sling.

Airborne transport aircraft and helicopters are designed to disembark search and rescue groups by airborne and landing methods and carry out air transportation of personnel, equipment, logistics, and evacuation of the injured and sick. Their fuselage is a cargo compartment for accommodating personnel, equipment and cargo. For securing, loading, unloading and landing people and cargo, landing transport equipment is installed in the cabins.

Most airborne transport aircraft and helicopters have a cargo hatch in the rear fuselage with a folding ramp through which loading and unloading is carried out on the ground. Some of them are equipped with a cargo hatch in the side of the fuselage. The tail hatch can also be opened in flight to release rescuers, equipment and cargo from parachute systems.

Utility aircraft and helicopters are quickly convertible basic passenger aircraft and helicopters, the design of which includes a cargo door, a reinforced floor (for cargo transportation) and fastening units for containers and pallets in the fuselage structure. An example is all transport helicopters Mi-8, Mi-6 and Mi-26, which have not only cargo modifications, but also in the passenger version are equipped with a ramp and units for mooring cargo.

Passenger planes and helicopters are intended only for transporting people. However, in the event of emergency situations, passenger planes and helicopters can be used to transport rescuers, medical workers, victims, cargo and necessary equipment.

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations uses Il-76, An-74 aircraft and Mi-2, Mi-8, Mi-26 helicopters as cargo and cargo-passenger aircraft.

To transport victims from emergency zones, the Aviation Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation has Yak-42d and Il-62m passenger aircraft, Mi-26 and Mi-8 cargo-passenger helicopters

In general, aircraft tend to be multifunctional. For example, the Il-62m is capable of performing the task as an air control center, evacuating Russian citizens from abroad and emergency zones (up to 114 people), transporting operational groups of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, as well as emergency commissions of other ministries and departments, carrying out other tasks.

Search and rescue aviation

Search and rescue aviation is designed to search for and evacuate crews and passengers from planes, helicopters, ships in distress, as well as the population from emergency zones. Airplane and helicopter crews are trained in techniques for searching for victims in various conditions and evacuating them.

Evacuation of those in distress and victims using a helicopter is carried out by hovering over the disaster site. To lift people, rope ladders and winches with cables are used. Rescue paratroopers, life-saving equipment and food are dropped from airplanes to the disaster site.

The main search and rescue helicopters used by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations are specialized Ka-32a helicopters, multi-purpose helicopters Mi-2, Mi-8, Bo-105 and Bk-117.

Special aviation

Fire-fighting aircraft are designed to extinguish forest and peat fires. In the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, for this purpose, helicopters are equipped with special drainage devices on an external sling: Mi-8 and Ka-32 - VSU-5, Mi-26 - VSU-15 with a capacity of 5 and 15 tons of fire extinguishing solution, respectively, and Il-76td aircraft are equipped with quick-detachable aviation pour-out devices VAP-2 with two containers with a total volume of up to 42 tons of water. In the near future, it is planned to operate the Be-200chs aircraft, capable of carrying up to 12 tons of water.

Emergency medical aviation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is intended to provide emergency medical care in emergency zones and emergency evacuation of sick and injured people to specialized medical institutions, participation in urgent sanitary and anti-epidemic measures, etc.

All airplanes and helicopters must provide accommodation in the passenger cabin for sick and injured people in seats, on folding seats or stretchers, as well as accompanying medical personnel with a set of sanitary facilities to provide them with the necessary assistance during the flight. Specialized modifications of multi-purpose helicopters Mi-2, Mi-8, Mi-6, Mi-26, Ka-32 and An-74, Il-76 aircraft can be used as ambulances.

In addition, the Il-76 aircraft is capable of delivering or landing into an emergency zone a field hospital of the All-Russian Center for Disaster Medicine "Zashchita", an airmobile hospital with 50 beds, a base camp for Tsentrospas rescuers, as well as Bo-105 and Bk-117 ambulance helicopters , ambulances. Also, a unique flying hospital “Scalpel” was created on the basis of the Il-76 aircraft.

Control and communications aircraft and helicopters are designed to guide RSChS forces as airborne control points (ACC) and provide stable communications (relay) between ground control points and the forces they control. The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations has prepared Il-62m and Yak-42d aircraft and a Mi-8mt helicopter as air control points.

Patrol and reconnaissance aircraft and helicopters of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations are used to monitor (observe) the state of the terrain and the environment, perform general and special reconnaissance (engineering, radiation, chemical, biological, fire, meteorological and other types).

Patrolling can be carried out to control internal and territorial waters, forests,

traffic on highways, the condition of oil and gas pipelines, power lines and other objects.

Depending on the nature of the tasks being solved and the conditions for conducting reconnaissance, airplanes and helicopters are equipped with recording and transmitting equipment for day and night photography, television and video, high-resolution radar stations, heat direction finders, magnetic and radiometric equipment , radiation, chemical and bacteriological monitoring devices, communications equipment.

Patrol and reconnaissance missions can be performed by modifications of An-74 aircraft and Mi-2, Mi-8, Ka-32 helicopters. The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations also uses Bo-105 and Bk-117 helicopters for these purposes.

4. Tasks of search and rescue aviation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Search and rescue and emergency operations involving aviation include:

Search, detection and evacuation of victims from isolated objects and sites, rescue of passengers and crews of ships in case of a disaster on the water;

Directing ground search and rescue forces in emergency zones to search objects, sea and river vessels in distress;

Landing of rescue groups by parachute, non-parachute and landing methods;

Dismantling and installation of building structures, removal of rubble.

Almost all types of aircraft and helicopters of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations can be involved in search and rescue operations. Only helicopters with a high thrust-to-weight ratio can be used for search and rescue operations in high mountains.

All helicopters intended for rescuing people must be equipped with special means of rescuing people (without landing), radio communications, as well as external slings for lifting and transporting cargo.

For search and rescue operations, RSChS units mainly use Mi-8 helicopters of various modifications, approved for operation in transport and passenger versions.

The passenger version of the Mi-8, depending on the features of the cabin, is capable of carrying 9-11 or 28-30 passengers. The transport version of the Mi-8 has a large cargo hatch, a reinforced floor, cargo mooring units, gangways and folding seats for 24 people. Mi-8 helicopters of the rescue service are equipped with an external suspension system with a lifting capacity of 3000 kg and a winch with a side boom, which allows you to lift loads weighing up to 40 m on board in hovering mode up to 40 m, as well as pick them up from the ground (water) using SU-R launching devices three people each.

The maximum weight of cargo transported in the helicopter cabin is 4000 kg, the flight range with 28 passengers on board is 500 km, the maximum flight altitude is 6000 m. The helicopter is allowed to land on flat, hilly and mountainous terrain with takeoffs and landings at sites located at altitudes up to 4500 m. For landing on sites at night, the helicopter is equipped with two PRF-4 headlights.

The Ka-32T helicopter is designed to transport cargo weighing up to 3,700 kg inside the cabin and up to 5,000 kg on an external sling. The rescue lifting device has a maximum lifting capacity of 300 kg. The practical flight ceiling of a helicopter is 6000 m.

The Mi-26 helicopter is designed for lifting and transporting large cargo weighing up to 20,000 kg, as well as for transporting 60 people on stretchers or 82 rescuers.

The Mi-2 helicopter is used for search and rescue operations during the elimination of local emergencies. The flight range of a helicopter with 8 passengers on board is 160 km.

5.Air fleet of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

Currently, the EMERCOM aviation includes Il-76TD transport aircraft, which can be converted into firefighting aircraft in just four hours. " />

Airborne control centers based on Yak-42D and Il-62M aircraft. An-74P short take-off and landing aircraft, indispensable at airfields in Siberia and the Far East.

New multi-purpose aircraft An-3 with a turboprop engine.

BE-200CHS - NEW MULTI-PURPOSE AVIATION RESCUE COMPLEX OF THE 21st CENTURY.

Today, the aviation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations has 3 Be-200ES amphibious aircraft, which are on combat duty at the Ramenskoye airfield near Moscow and in Khabarovsk in the Far East. In the near future it is planned to base the Be-200ES in Krasnoyarsk.

The Be-200ChS amphibious aircraft is designed for transport and passenger transportation (72 passengers or 7500 kg of cargo); extinguishing fires with water intake during planing up to 12 tons in 12-14 seconds and its discharge onto the fire from a height of 20-40 m at a speed of 215-270 km/h in 1-2 seconds; search and rescue operations on land and water areas; conducting aerial and engineering reconnaissance; control of coastal waters and economic zones; monitoring the environmental situation and other tasks.

For one fuel refueling of up to 8 tons, the Be-200ChS aircraft is capable of dropping up to 270 tons of water onto a fire at a distance of up to 100 km from the take-off airfield.

High takeoff and landing characteristics ensure the operation of the Be-200ChS from class “B” airfields with a runway length of up to 1800 m.

In the ambulance version, the amphibious aircraft provides evacuation on special stretchers for up to 40 wounded, accompanied by doctors.

To ensure accurate navigation along the route, in the area of aviation operations and during landing, the Be-200ChS is equipped with the ARIA-200 flight navigation system with navigation accuracy characteristics that meet the ICAO RNP-1 requirements. ARIA-200 provides in-flight automatic control, analysis and recording of flight parameters, engine operation and all on-board systems of the aircraft.

In the search and rescue version, the Be-200ChS is equipped with an Orion-25S inflatable boat, life rafts of the PSN-10 and PSN-25/30 types, which make it possible to successfully rescue those in distress in water areas.

In the sea rescue version, the aircraft is also equipped with marine radio stations, search lights, an external sound warning system SG-U-600, as well as medical diagnostic equipment.

The capabilities of the Be-200ChS multi-purpose amphibious aircraft were presented during demonstration flights on the island. Sardinia (Italy) in 2003 and at Vnukovo airport in August 2004.

Russian aviation technologies for rescue and fire extinguishing using the Be-200ES were awarded a gold medal at the 32nd International Salon of New Equipment and Technologies in 2004 in Geneva.

Airmobile rescue complexes

The special pride of the EMERCOM aviation is the airmobile rescue complexes (ARS). These complexes are part of the Russian National Emergency Humanitarian Response Corps and are capable of carrying out rescue operations and humanitarian actions in various climatic and geographical conditions, at any time of the year and day. ASC are complex systems that combine the technical capabilities of aviation and rescue equipment in combination with a high level of professional training of flight crews and rescuers, subject to clear organization and interaction during search and rescue operations. The composition of airmobile rescue complexes, depending on the types and scale of emergencies, as well as the task at hand, can be quickly changed.

The basis of airmobile rescue complexes is one or several transport aircraft of the IL-76 type, which mainly perform the tasks of delivering the components of the complexes and at the same time can solve such independent tasks as extinguishing fires, searching and locating victims, evacuating victims from an emergency zone .

The first version of ASK includes light-class rescue helicopters of the BO-105 (BK-117) type, which have optimal overall dimensions and folding blades, allowing them to be transported on an IL-76 aircraft. The preparation time for the departure of these helicopters after unloading from the aircraft does not exceed 20 minutes.

This version of the ASK is the main one and has proven itself when working in regional, federal, trans-border emergencies, as well as during international rescue operations and humanitarian missions. Assigned tasks are completed autonomously, within no more than two weeks.

The IL-76 transport aircraft ensures delivery of the complex to a given region. All-terrain vehicle emergency rescue equipment ensures the delivery of the main group of rescuers and specialists to the emergency zone and their work in the zone. As a rule, the kit of this equipment includes standard special rescue equipment and tools that ensure work in almost any type of emergency (with the exception of chemically hazardous man-made accidents). In the event of chemical man-made accidents and disasters, this rescue equipment is equipped with special equipment and tools. Automotive life support equipment includes pneumatic frame modules with heating, lighting, and places to accommodate rescuers, doctors and specialists. The operational temperature range for using life support equipment is from -40°C to +50°C. The light-class rescue helicopter type BO-105 (BK-117) provides search and, if necessary, rescue operations, and also monitors the emergency site, controls the spread of emergency consequences, coordinates the actions of rescue groups, and in some cases is used for emergency relocation of search and rescue personnel. rescue groups to various points in the emergency zone.

The second version of the ASK includes a light-class helicopter of the BO-105 (BK-117) type, easily transformable from an emergency rescue to a sanitary version, an airmobile hospital with life support equipment, off-road vehicles, a group of qualified medical personnel and rescuers.

This version of the emergency response system is used mainly in federal and cross-border emergencies with a large number of victims. These are usually the results of natural disasters - floods, earthquakes, as well as the consequences of international conflicts. This version of ASC was used in Yugoslavia, India, Turkey, Afghanistan, Lensk, Kaspiysk, etc.

The third version of the ASK is a variant of the airborne airborne complex. In this case, the IL-76 aircraft is equipped with standard landing equipment for landing cargo platforms of the P-7, PP-128 type. This version of the ASK provides emergency delivery of emergency equipment, life support equipment, doctors and rescuers to a given point by parachute landing of cargo platforms on which all-terrain vehicles and an airmobile hospital kit with life support equipment are installed.

The crew of the IL-76 aircraft drops cargo platforms to a given point from a height of 500-800 m, then, with a climb of 800-1500 m, rescuers and medical personnel of the airmobile hospital, who have undergone special parachute training, are dropped. Delivery of untrained specialists is carried out on Tandem-type parachute systems by rescue paratroopers who are certified as tandem pilots. Personnel, using all-terrain vehicles, select parachute equipment and an airborne hospital and redeploy to the base point. Next, the hospital and life support systems are deployed. First aid to victims can be provided within 20-30 minutes after landing and unmooring of the hospital, and full-scale hospital operations for receiving victims with X-ray monitoring are carried out within 45 minutes - 1 hour.

The fourth version of the ASK is intended for emergency delivery of group rescue craft to those in distress in the waters of the World Ocean, also by landing. In this case, standard floor-mounted equipment is installed on the IL-76 aircraft, on which parachute-cargo systems of the PGS-1000 type are placed with rescue craft installed on them. The maximum number of landing platforms is 26, with four PSN-10MK type rafts on each. Technologically, all rafts are connected into a so-called garland.

Landing is carried out with a high degree of accuracy from a height of 150-200 m on the windward side of those in distress. During the final approach, rescuers are landed in special equipment to ensure that the victims are lifted on board the rescue craft.

The fifth version of the ASK is intended for emergency delivery of life-saving equipment and life support equipment for humanitarian aid cargo on small-sized parachute-cargo systems such as PGS-500 and PGS-1000 from altitudes from 300 to 7000 m. High-altitude landing is usually used in high altitude conditions and in areas international conflicts. The considered options for airmobile rescue systems do not completely exhaust the capabilities of IL-76 type aircraft as basic carriers of aviation technologies. Thus, for many years, VAP-2 aviation pour-out devices have been used quite effectively, designed to extinguish landscape (forest) fires from the board of an Il-76TD aircraft and representing an easily removable tanker system mounted in the cargo cabin of the aircraft, filled with a fire-extinguishing liquid (water or reagent ). The capacity of the two tanks of the system is 40 cubic meters. m. The fire extinguishing liquid is drained through a drain system made in the form of trays when the rear hatch and ramp are open. Draining is carried out from a height of 50-100 m and takes 6-8 seconds. VAP is refueled at the airfield through hoses inserted into the cargo compartment from hydrants and fire systems. Refilling time is 10-30 minutes.

"Rotorcraft Rescuers"

A special place in the development and application of new aviation technologies is occupied by helicopters of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. The helicopter fleet includes such unique machines as the Mi-8 and Ka-32,

light rescue helicopters Bo-105, BK-117, as well as heavy multifunctional helicopter Mi-26T.

There is no point in listing all the tasks that “rotor-wing rescuers” perform. The most pressing problem remains firefighting. In this direction, specialists from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations have made a significant contribution to the development of aviation firefighting technologies. Overflow devices of the VSU-5 type have been developed and are successfully used for use on the external sling of helicopters of the MI-8 type, as well as VSU-15 for use on the external sling of helicopters of the MI-26 type. Operation under real conditions has demonstrated the high efficiency of these devices.

In addition, on the basis of an APU-type system, an aviation technology for the emergency neutralization of oil pollution on land and water areas (by spraying special solutions that absorb oil products) has been developed and implemented. A similar system, VOP-3, is increasingly used.

One of the latest developments in the field of aviation technology is the use of a hanging basket for evacuating victims from emergency zones on the external sling of an MI-8 helicopter. The basket itself is a collapsible structure, which is intended for the rescue (evacuation) of people in distress on broken ice floes, in the mountains, on the roofs of high-rise burning buildings, on islands of solid ground during mudslides and floods, that is, in conditions when a helicopter lands does not seem possible.

Also effective is the DVS-ULZ-FRZ remote system, designed to destroy ice jams using a fuselage spreader, an intermediate remote device and ammonite (TNT) charges in bags with a multi-purpose delayed-action fuse. The basic principle of operation is to release charges equipped with fuses at a set (required) time interval from a Mi-8MT helicopter.

Unique in its significance is the creation of aviation technology based on light helicopters such as BO-105, BK-117 to provide emergency assistance to victims of various emergencies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. To date, the regulatory framework for performing this type of work in the Moscow metropolis has been developed and formalized, landing sites have been prepared in the territories of a number of Moscow city hospitals, helicopter crews and teams of the Moscow Health Committee have been formed and trained to provide emergency assistance, and regular duty has been organized.

To summarize, we can say that today the Ministry of Emergency Situations is the only structure in the country that has united aviation and rescuers into a single whole. The Ministry has unique equipment and highly professional crews to carry out special rescue operations. Aviation is the basis for the mobility and effectiveness of any “emergency” service.

6. Examples of rescue operations using aviation.

"Rescue of the Chelyuskin Expedition"

April 13, 2014 marked 80 years since the successful completion of an unprecedented Arctic expedition to rescue the 104-member crew and scientific expedition of the Chelyuskin steamship crushed by ice in Chukotka.

This humanitarian mission had a powerful political resonance throughout the world. It is no coincidence that three days after its successful completion, on April 16, 1934, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, by its decree, established the highest degree of distinction - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The first Heroes were seven pilots who took the winterers off the ice - Lyapidevsky, Levanevsky, Molokov, Kamanin, Slepnev, Vodopyanov, Doronin, the rest of the pilots and flight mechanics were awarded orders. Subsequently, more than 12 thousand people in the USSR received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for courage and heroism. In the new Russia, this highest distinction was transformed into the title of Hero of Russia. Meanwhile, flights to the ice floe and the evacuation of people from the ice camp are the heroic, but only the “above-water” part of the “iceberg” of the work done, while its “underwater” or “working” part has remained practically forgotten. A fairly complete and “uninvented” picture of the collective feat was preserved only by the collection of memoirs “How we saved the Chelyuskinites.” On the eve of the celebration of November 7, 1933, the head of the scientific expedition on the ship “Chelyuskin” O.Yu. Schmidt radioed to Moscow that they were in the Bering Strait near Diomede Island, only two miles from clear water.

On August 2, 1933, taking 112 people on board, the Chelyuskin (steamer) left Murmansk for Vladivostok. The first ice floes met in the Kara Sea at the exit from the Matochkin Shar Strait. With the help of an icebreaker, the ship overcame solid ice and continued moving on its own. On September 1, Cape Chelyuskin was reached. In the Chukchi Sea, the ship again encountered solid ice and on September 23 was completely blocked. He drifted with his crew for almost five months. On November 4, 1933, he managed to enter the Bering Strait, but then the ship was pulled back in a northwest direction. On February 13, 1934, as a result of strong compression, the Chelyuskin was crushed by ice and sank within two hours. As a result of the disaster, 104 people were left on the ice.

The Junkers W-34 transported the rest of the Chelyuskinites to the mainland. In total, the pilots made 24 flights.

All 104 people, who spent two months on an ice floe in polar winter conditions, were rescued by aviation.

"War in the North Caucasus"

The Chechen events of 1994-1995 were a serious test for the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations and the aviation being created. Together with the aviation of the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which ensured the transfer of military units and military equipment to the area of armed conflict, the aviation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations carried out humanitarian tasks, evacuated refugees, sick and wounded from combat areas, and supplied humanitarian aid. With the beginning of the Chechen conflict, a separate helicopter detachment was formed to carry out a humanitarian mission.

The ministry's pilots flew 654 combat missions in helicopters in January-April 1995 alone. Under constant fire from bandit formations from combat points, the air group evacuated 4,112 wounded, sick, and refugees. Helicopters from the operational group of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations delivered 317 tons of food, medicine and humanitarian aid to various areas of the armed conflict. The helicopter pilots (detachment commander S. Zikeev) organized the evacuation of the wounded and sick directly from the battlefield to hospitals. Repeatedly subjected to gunfire from gangs, they did not lose a single aircraft or crew.

The first aviators of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations to receive military awards for saving people were: Colonels Garin V., Plastkov A., Zikeev S., Miroshnichenko O., Mudrenov V., Bortan S., Pavlov A., Lieutenant General of the Reserve Kozlov L.

“Rescue operation and fire extinguishing in the Kurgan region.

The largest operation using aviation from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations was the extinguishing of forest fires in the Kurgan region in May 2004. The ministry's fire-fighting aviation group included two Il-76TD tanker aircraft, three Mi-26T helicopters and two Mi-8MTV helicopters equipped with special drainage devices. In the period from May 14 to May 20, Russian Emergency Situations Ministry aviation made 145 sorties in the Kurgan region to extinguish large forest fires. A total of 12 thousand 789 tons of water and special fire extinguishing agents were dropped on them. Thanks to the prompt and professional actions of the aviators of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, it was possible to prevent the fire from approaching 13 populated areas.

7. Conclusion.

Aviation is the basis on which the mobility and effectiveness of the Russian Emergency Service is built.

During the study, the main task was accomplished - to find out during the research the degree of significance and role of aviation in carrying out rescue operations. Russia is a huge country, with its own unique and diverse spaces. A large number of beautiful but hard-to-reach places

The implementation of emergency response to emergency situations is facilitated by the development of modern aviation rescue technologies as the most effective ways to respond to emergency situations and rescue people in distress.
The modern fleet of special aircraft and helicopters of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations makes it possible to create an aviation group for firefighting, rescuing people in hard-to-reach places and on water, organizing air control posts, conducting engineering, radiation and chemical reconnaissance, providing emergency medical care in large cities, etc.

8.Conclusion

Today, aviation undoubtedly occupies a leading place in search and rescue operations. One of the main reasons for this leadership is quick response and mobility, taking into account the vast territories of Russia. Great developments are underway in the creation of new aviation rescue equipment. Increasing emphasis is being placed on unmanned search aircraft. I would like to see such vehicles as light ekranoplanes, airboats, etc. in service with the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

While conducting research, I worked on my own rescue equipment project - this is a model of an amphibious aircraft

List of used literature

3.http://www.mchs.gov.ru/
4. Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, [Electronic resource]. - Electron. Dan. - [M.].: 2010. - Access mode: www.mchs.gov.ru

12.Book "Russian Aviation" CJSC Publishing House "Capital Encyclopedia", 2009.

All aviation maps are divided into three groups: operational-tactical, aeronautical and reference. Operational-tactical maps are intended for the work of headquarters in the process of managing units and subunits. Aeronautical charts are used in preparation for flight and during flight. Reference cards are used to prepare various reference data necessary when preparing for a flight and organizing aviation combat operations.

According to their purpose, aeronautical maps used to solve navigation problems are divided into flight, airborne, target, special and reference maps.

The aeronautical map, according to which the pilot prepares for a flight and with which he performs the flight, is called a flight map. Flight maps are used to plot a route, determine various initial data, calculate a flight, control a flight and perform other work in the air. The scale of flight maps depends on the helicopter's flight range, flight area and the nature of the tasks performed. In army aviation, maps of scales 1:200,000, 1:500,000, 1:1,000,000 are used as flight maps.

Route and flight maps are made specifically to solve navigation problems, so they better meet the operating conditions in flight and can be used during flights.

On-board maps (backup maps located on board the helicopter) are designed to solve helicopter navigation problems in the event that the helicopter leaves the area shown on the flight map. In addition, they are used to plot position lines obtained using radio navigation aids located at a great distance from the helicopter. These maps must cover an area with a radius of at least the maximum practical flight range of the helicopter. Maps of scales 1:1,000,000 and 1:2,000,000 are used as airborne maps in army aviation.

Target maps are used to search and detect targets, determine their coordinates, select landing sites and reach them. These are usually large-scale maps of a limited area of the terrain or target area. In army aviation, maps of scales 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:100,000 are used as target maps.

Special maps are intended mainly for solving helicopter navigation problems using measurement data obtained using radio navigation aids. These include maps of various scales and projections, on which, when published or manually, lines of the helicopter’s position are drawn: orthodromic radio bearings from ground-based radio direction finders, azimuth-distance - number grids of angular-rangefinder systems, lines of equal azimuths from radio stations, etc. Special and on-board maps can be combined if, during preparation for the flight, position lines from the radio navigation aids planned for use are laid on the latter.

Special maps are used not only by crews, but also by crews of command posts that have ground-based means of flight control or target guidance (ground-based radar stations, RSBN systems, etc.).

Reference maps contain data used in combat planning and flight preparation. They can be of different scales and projections. These include maps of large airfield hubs, overview navigation maps, maps

magnetic declinations and time zones, star charts, various climate and meteorological maps, etc. The projection and scale of the reference map are determined by its purpose.

The choice of map scale for each of the listed groups is determined by the nature of the navigation tasks and the required accuracy of their solution, and also depends on the assigned combat mission.

Each map is published on separate sheets, which have certain dimensions in latitude and longitude and represent parts of a single whole map of a separate region, state, continent, or the entire globe. To make it possible to simply and conveniently select the necessary sheets of maps for gluing them together and preparing them for flight, cartography has adopted a designation system for each map sheet, consisting of letters and numbers, called nomenclature. The designation is based on a system of dividing the map into separate sheets, which is called a layout.

The basis for the layout and designation of maps at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 and larger in the USSR is a map sheet of 1: 1,000,000, drawn up in a modified polyconic projection, which has frame dimensions of 6° in longitude and 4° in latitude. The nomenclature of sheets of this map is made up of row and column designations. Based on this, the entire globe is divided by parallels into rows (22 rows each in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres) and meridians into 60 columns. The designation of the rows begins from the equator to the north and south in capital letters of the Latin alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, 4 K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V. The remaining circle at the poles is designated by the letter Z. The columns are located between the meridians and are designated by numbers from 1 to 60 starting from the meridian 180° to the east. For example, the sheet on which Moscow is located is designated N-37. The system of layout and nomenclature of map sheets at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (Fig. 1.23) is international.

The nomenclature of map sheets at a larger scale (1:500,000 and larger) is obtained by dividing a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 into parts. The nomenclature of these sheets consists of the designation of a map sheet at a scale of 1:1,000,000 with the addition of numbers and letters indicating the location of a larger scale map sheet on it (Fig. 1.24).

A sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 consists of four sheets of a map at a scale of 1:500,000, which are designated by the letters A, B, C, D. For example, the sheet of Saratov is designated M-38-B. On one sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 there are 36 sheets of a map at a scale of 1:200,000 and 144 sheets of a map at a scale of 1:100,000, which are designated respectively by Roman numerals from I to XXXVI and Arabic numerals from 1 to 144.

The layout and nomenclature of maps of scales 1: 50,000, 1: 25,000, 1: 10,000 consist of the designation of a sheet of map of scale 1: 100,000 with the addition of numbers and letters of the Russian alphabet. To obtain a map sheet at a scale of 1:50,000, a map sheet at a scale of 1:100,000
divided into four parts and designated by the letters A, B, C, D. A map sheet of scale 1:25,000 is obtained by dividing a map sheet of 1:50,000 into four parts, which are designated by small letters of the Russian alphabet a, b, c, d. To obtain a map sheet/V-37

scale 1: 10,000, a sheet of a map of 1:25,000 is divided into four parts, which are designated by Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4. Thus, on one sheet of a map of scale 1: 100,000 there are four sheets of a map of scale 1:50,000, sixteen sheets of card

multi-role aviation

Multi-purpose aviation is airplanes and helicopters capable of performing diverse tasks without changing their design. Their versatility is ensured by the use of multifunctional, quick-detachable on-board equipment. For example, on the Ka-226 helicopters planned for adoption, depending on the mission, you can install a passenger or cargo cabin, a transport platform, an onboard winch for crane installation work, and if a container with special equipment is externally slung, it can be used for reconnaissance.

In the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, multi-purpose aviation is represented by domestic helicopters Mi-2, Mi-8, Ka-32 and Western European Bo-105 and Bk-117.

transport aviation

Transport aviation includes airplanes and helicopters designed primarily for the transport of goods (cargo), as well as passengers (transport, cargo-passenger and passenger).

Cargo aircraft are transport aircraft and helicopters designed to transport cargo and equipment with accompanying personnel. They have a cargo compartment in which the transported cargo is placed and moored, and are equipped with large cargo hatches, a ramp (ladders) and loading and unloading equipment. Helicopters, in addition, can transport cargo on a flexible or rigid external sling.

Passenger planes and helicopters are intended only for the transport of people. However, in emergency situations, passenger planes and helicopters can be used to transport rescuers, medical workers, victims, cargo and necessary equipment.

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations uses Il-76, An-74 aircraft and Mi-2, Mi-8, Mi-26 helicopters as cargo and cargo-passenger aircraft.

search and rescue aviation

Search and rescue aviation is designed to search for and evacuate crews and passengers from planes, helicopters, ships in distress, as well as the population from emergency zones. Airplane and helicopter crews are trained in how to search for victims in various environmental conditions and evacuate them.

Evacuation of those in distress and victims using a helicopter is carried out by hovering over the disaster site. Rope ladders and winches with cables are used to lift people. Rescue paratroopers, life-saving equipment and food are dropped from airplanes to the disaster site.

The main search and rescue helicopters used by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations are specialized Ka-32a helicopters, multi-purpose helicopters Mi-2, Mi-8, Bo-105 and Bk-117.

special aviation

Firefighting aircraft are designed to extinguish forest and peat fires. In the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, for this purpose, helicopters are equipped with special drainage devices on an external sling: Mi-8 and Ka-32 - VSU-5, Mi-26 - VSU-15 with a capacity of 5 and 15 tons of fire extinguishing solution, respectively, and Il-76td aircraft are equipped with quick-detachable aviation pouring devices VAP-2 with two containers with a total volume of up to 42 tons of water. In the near future, it is planned to operate the Be-200chs aircraft, capable of carrying up to 12 tons of water.

In addition, the Il-76 aircraft is capable of delivering or landing into an emergency zone a field hospital of the All-Russian Center for Disaster Medicine "Zashchita", an airmobile hospital with 50 beds, a base camp for Tsentrospas rescuers, as well as Bo-105 and Bk-117 ambulance helicopters, cars "Ambulance". Also, a unique flying hospital “Scalpel” was created on the basis of the Il-76 aircraft.

Control and communications aircraft and helicopters are designed to guide RSChS forces as airborne control points (ACC) and ensure stable communications (relay) between ground control points and the forces they control. The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations has prepared Il-62m and Yak-42d aircraft and a Mi-8mt helicopter as air control points.

Patrolling can be carried out to control internal and territorial waters, forests,

traffic on highways, the condition of oil and gas pipelines, power lines and other objects.

Depending on the nature of the tasks being solved and the conditions for conducting reconnaissance, airplanes and helicopters are equipped with recording and transmitting equipment for day and night photography, television and video, high-resolution radar stations, heat direction finders, magnetic and radiometric equipment, radiation, chemical and bacteriological control, communication means.

Patrol and reconnaissance missions can be carried out by modifications of An-74 aircraft and Mi-2, Mi-8, Ka-32 helicopters. The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations also uses Bo-105 and Bk-117 helicopters for these purposes.

Modern technologies in the field of detection and development of fires are developing very rapidly today. The latest developments can surprise not only with their appearance; for example, robotic technology is now used in the field of extinguishing and eliminating the consequences of natural disasters.

In our article we will tell you about another fundamentally new technology that is being actively introduced and used in the modern world.

Unmanned aircraft can be widely used to solve special problems when the use of manned aircraft is impossible or economically unprofitable:

inspection of hard-to-reach areas of the border,
observation of various areas of land and water surface,
determining the consequences of natural disasters and disasters,
identifying outbreaks, performing search and other work.

The use of UAVs makes it possible to monitor the situation remotely, without human intervention and without exposing him to danger, over fairly large areas in hard-to-reach areas at a relative low cost.

Types

According to the principle of flight, all UAVs can be divided into 5 groups (the first 4 groups are aerodynamic type vehicles):

with a rigid wing (aircraft-type UAV);
with flexible wing;
with a rotating wing (helicopter-type UAV);
with a flapping wing;
aerostatic.

In addition to the UAVs of the five groups listed, there are also various hybrid subclasses of devices, which, based on their flight principle, are difficult to unambiguously attribute to any of the listed groups. There are especially many such UAVs that combine the qualities of aircraft and helicopter types.

With rigid wing (airplane type)

This type of vehicle is also known as a rigid-wing UAV. The lift of these devices is created aerodynamically due to the pressure of air flowing onto the fixed wing. Devices of this type, as a rule, are characterized by a long flight duration, high maximum flight altitude and high speed.

There are a wide variety of subtypes of aircraft-type UAVs, differing in the shape of the wing and fuselage. Almost all aircraft layouts and types of fuselages that are found in manned aircraft are also applicable in unmanned aircraft.

With flexible wing

These are cheap and economical aerodynamic aircraft, in which not a rigid, but a flexible (soft) structure made of fabric, an elastic polymer material or an elastic composite material with the property of reversible deformation is used as a load-bearing wing. This class of UAVs includes unmanned motorized paragliders, hang gliders and UAVs with elastically deformable wings.

An unmanned motorized paraglider is a device based on a controlled wing parachute, equipped with a motorized cart with a propeller for autonomous take-off and independent flight. The wing usually has the shape of a rectangle or ellipse. The wing can be soft, have a rigid or inflatable frame. The disadvantage of unmanned motorized paragliders is the difficulty of controlling them, since the navigation sensors are not tightly connected to the wing. Their use is also limited by the obvious dependence on weather conditions.

Rotating wing (helicopter type)

This type of vehicle is also known as a rotating wing UAV. They are often also called vertical take-off and landing UAVs. The latter is not entirely correct, since in the general case, UAVs with a stationary UAV can also have vertical takeoff and landing.

The lift force of this type of aircraft is also created aerodynamically, but not due to the wings, but due to the rotating blades of the main rotor (rotors). Wings are either absent altogether or play a supporting role. The obvious advantages of helicopter-type UAVs are the ability to hover at a point and high maneuverability, which is why they are often used as aerial robots.

With a flapping wing

UAVs with flapping wings are based on the bionic principle - copying the movements created in flight by flying living objects - birds and insects. Although there are no mass-produced devices in this class of UAVs and they do not yet have practical applications, intensive research is being carried out in this area all over the world. In recent years, a large number of different interesting concepts of small UAVs with flapping wings have appeared.

The main advantages that birds and flying insects have over existing types of aircraft are their energy efficiency and maneuverability. Devices based on imitation of the movements of birds are called ornithopters, and devices that copy the movements of flying insects are called entomopters.

Aerostatic

Aerostatic-type UAVs are a special class of UAVs in which the lifting force is created primarily by the Archimedean force acting on a cylinder filled with a light gas (usually helium). This class is represented mainly by unmanned airships.

An airship is a lighter-than-air aircraft, which is a combination of a balloon with a propulsion device (usually a propeller (propeller, impeller) with an electric motor or internal combustion engine) and an attitude control system. By design, airships are divided into three main types: soft, semi-rigid and rigid. In soft and semi-rigid airships, the shell for the carrier gas is soft, which acquires the required shape only after the carrier gas is pumped into it under a certain pressure.

In soft-type airships, the invariability of the external shape is achieved by the excess pressure of the carrier gas, constantly maintained by balloons - soft containers located inside the shell into which air is pumped. Ballonets, in addition, serve to regulate the lift force and control the pitch angle (differentiated pumping/injection of air into the ballonets leads to a change in the center of gravity of the device).

Semi-rigid airships are distinguished by the presence of a rigid (in most cases along the entire length of the shell) truss in the lower part of the shell. In rigid airships, the invariability of the external shape is ensured by a rigid frame covered with fabric, and the gas is located inside the rigid frame in cylinders made of gas-tight material. Unmanned rigid airships are practically not used yet.

Classification

Some classes of foreign classification are not available in the Russian Federation, light UAVs in Russia have a significantly longer range, etc. According to the Russian classification, which is currently focused primarily only on the military purpose of the devices.

UAVs can be systematized as follows:

Short-range micro- and mini-UAVs – take-off weight up to 5 kg, range up to 25-40 km;
Light short-range UAVs - take-off weight 5-50 kg, range 10-70 km;
Light medium-range UAVs - take-off weight 50-100 kg, range 70-150 (250) km;
Medium UAVs – take-off weight 100-300 kg, range 150-1000 km;
Medium-heavy UAVs - take-off weight 300-500 kg, range 70-300 km;
Heavy medium-range UAVs - take-off weight more than 500 kg, range 70-300 km;
Heavy UAVs with long flight duration - take-off weight of more than 1500 kg, range of about 1500 km;
Unmanned combat aircraft - take-off weight of more than 500 kg, range of about 1,500 km.

UAVs used

Granad VA-1000

ZALA 421-16E

For technical equipment of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations with unmanned aerial vehicles, Russian enterprises have developed several options, let’s consider some of them:

This is a long-range unmanned aircraft (Fig. 1.) with an automatic control system (autopilot), a navigation system with inertial correction (GPS/GLONASS), a built-in digital telemetry system, navigation lights, a built-in three-axis magnetometer, a module for holding and active target tracking (“ AC module"), a digital built-in camera, a digital broadband video transmitter of C-OFDM modulation, a radio modem with a satellite navigation system (SNS) receiver "Diagonal AIR" with the ability to work without a SNS signal (radio range finder), a self-diagnosis system, a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, a sensor current, a propulsion system temperature sensor, a parachute release, an air shock absorber to protect the target load during landing and a search transmitter.

This complex is designed for aerial surveillance at any time of the day at a distance of up to 50 km with real-time video transmission. The unmanned aircraft successfully solves the problems of ensuring the security and control of strategically important objects, allows you to determine the coordinates of the target and quickly make decisions to adjust the actions of ground services. Thanks to the built-in “AS Module”, the UAV automatically monitors static and moving objects. In the absence of a SNS signal, the UAV will autonomously continue to perform the task.

Rice. 1. UAV ZALA 421-16E

ZALA 421-08M

Designed according to the “flying wing” design, this is a tactical-range unmanned aircraft with an autopilot and has a similar set of functions and modules as the ZALA 421-16E. This complex is designed for operational reconnaissance of terrain at a distance of up to 15 km with real-time video transmission. The ZALA 421-08M UAV is distinguished by its ultra-reliability, ease of operation, low acoustic and visual signature and best-in-class target loads.

This aircraft does not require a specially prepared take-off and landing site due to the fact that the take-off is carried out using an elastic catapult, and carries out aerial reconnaissance under various weather conditions at any time of the day.

Transportation of the complex with the ZALA 421-08M UAV to the place of operation can be carried out by one person. The lightness of the device allows (with appropriate preparation) to be launched “by hand”, without using a catapult, which makes it indispensable when solving problems. The built-in “Module AC” allows an unmanned aircraft to automatically monitor static and moving objects, both on land and on water.

Rice. 2. UAV ZALA 421-08M

ZALA 421-22

This is an unmanned helicopter with eight main rotors, medium range, with a built-in autopilot system (Fig. 3). The design of the device is foldable and made of composite materials, which makes it easy to deliver the complex to the place of operation by any vehicle.

This device does not require a specially prepared take-off and landing site due to its vertically automatic launch and landing, which makes it indispensable when conducting aerial reconnaissance in hard-to-reach areas.

It is successfully used to perform operations at any time of the day: to search and detect objects, to ensure the security of perimeters within a radius of up to 5 km. Thanks to the built-in “AC Module”, the device automatically monitors static and moving objects.

Rice. 3. UAV ZALA 421-22

Represents the next generation of DJI quadcopters. It is capable of 4K video recording and HD video output right out of the box. The camera is integrated into the gimbal for maximum stability and weight efficiency in a minimal size. In the absence of a GPS signal, Visual Positioning technology ensures hovering accuracy.

Phantom 3 Professional Features

Camera and Gimbal: The Phantom 3 Professional shoots 4K video at up to 30fps and takes 12 megapixel photos that look sharper and cleaner than ever. The camera's improved sensor gives you greater clarity, lower noise, and better pictures than any previous flying camera.

HD Video Link: Low latency, HD video transmission, based on the DJI Lightbridge system.

DJI Intelligent Flight Battery: 4480 mAh DJI Intelligent Flight Battery has new cells and uses an intelligent battery management system.

Flight Controller: Next generation flight controller, provides more reliable operation. The new recorder stores data from each flight, and visual positioning allows you to hover accurately at one point in the absence of GPS.

Performance characteristics of Phantom 3 Professional

BAS Phantom-3
Weight (with battery and screws)	1280
Maximum climb speed	5 m/s
Maximum rate of descent	3 m/s
Maximum speed	16 m/s (at ATTI mode in calm weather)
Maximum flight altitude	6000 m
Maximum flight time	Approximately 23 minutes
Operating temperature range	From – 10° to 40° C
GPS mode	GPS/GLONASS
*Suspension*
Coverage	Tilt angle: from – 90° to + 30°
*Visual positioning*
Speed range	< 8 м/с (на высоте 2 метра над землей)
Altitude range	30-300 cm.
Operating range	30-300 cm.
Working conditions	Brightly lit (>15 lux) surfaces with contours
*Camera*
Optics	EXMOR 1/2.3” Effective pixels: 12.4 million (total pixels: 12.76 million)
Lens	Viewing angle 94° 20 mm (35mm format equivalent) f/2.8
ISO adjustment	100-3200 (video) 100-1600 (photo)
Electronic shutter speed	8 p. – 1/8000 s.
Maximum image size	4000×3000
Photo modes	Time-lapse Continuous shooting: 3/5/7 frames Automatic Exposure Bracketing (AEB) frame bracketing 3/5 at 0.7EV bracket Slow motion
Supported SD Card Formats	Maximum capacity 64 GB. Required speed class: 10 or UHS-1
Movie modes	FHD: 1920×1080p 24/25/30/48/50/60 fps HD: 1280×720p 24/25/30/48/50/60 fps
Maximum video saving speed	60 Mb/s
Supported File Formats	Video: MP4/MOV (MPEG-4 AVC/H.246)
Operating temperature range	From -10° to 40° C
*Remote control*
Operating frequency	2.400 GHz – 2.483 GHz
Transmission range	2000 m (outdoors without obstacles)
Video output port	USB
Operating temperature range	From -10° to 40° C
Battery	6000 mAh, lithium polymer 2S
Mobile device holder	For tablets and smartphones
Transmitter Power (EIRP)	FCS: 20 dBM; CE: 16 dBm
Operating voltage	1.2 A at 7.4 V
*Charger*
Voltage	17.4 V
Rated power	57 W
Intelligent Flight Battery (PH3 – 4480 mAh – 15.2 V)
Capacity	4480 mAh
Voltage	15.2 V
Battery Type	Lithium polymer 4S
Full charge	68 Wh
Net weight	365 g
Operating temperature range	From -10° to 40° C
Maximum charging power	100 W

Inspire 1 features

Camera and Gimbal: Captures up to 4K video and 12-megapixel photos. There is space to install neutral density (ND) filters for better exposure control. The new suspension mechanism allows you to quickly remove the camera.

HD Video Link: Low latency, HD video transmission, this is an advanced version of the DJI Lightbridge system. It is also possible to control it from two remote controls.

Chassis: Retractable landing gear allows the camera to take unobstructed panoramas.

DJI Intelligent Flight Battery: 4500 mAh uses an intelligent battery management system.

Flight Controller: Next generation flight controller, provides more reliable operation. The new recorder stores data from each flight, and visual positioning allows you to accurately hover at one point in the absence of GPS.

Rice. 5. UAV Inspire 1

All characteristics of the UAVs listed above are presented in Table 1 (except for Phantom 3 Professional and Inspire 1 as indicated in the text)

Training for unmanned aerial vehicle operators

TTX Inspire 1

UAV	ZALA 421-16E	ZALA 421-16EM	ZALA 421-08M	ZALA 421-08F	ZALA 421-16	ZALA 421-04M
UAV wingspan, mm	2815	1810	810	425	1680	1615
Flight duration, h(min)	>4	2,5	(80)	(80)	4-8	1,5
UAV length, mm	1020	900	425	–	–	635
Speed, km/h	65-110	65-110	65-130	65-120	130-200	65-100
Maximum flight altitude, m	3600	3600	3600	3000	3000	–
Target load mass, kg(g)	Up to 1.5	Up to 1	(300)	(300)	–	Up to 1

Advantages

The following can be distinguished:

carry out flights under various weather conditions, complex interference (gust of wind, upward or downward air flow, UAV getting into an air pocket, in medium and heavy fog, heavy rain);
conduct aerial monitoring in hard-to-reach and remote areas;
are a safe source of reliable information, a reliable examination of the object or suspected territory from which the threat comes;
allow you to prevent emergencies with regular monitoring;
detect (forest fires, ) in the early stages;
eliminate the risk to human life and health.

The unmanned aerial vehicle is designed to solve the following tasks:

unmanned remote monitoring of forests to detect forest fires;
monitoring and transmission of data on radioactive and chemical contamination of terrain and airspace in a given area;
engineering reconnaissance of flood areas and other natural disasters;
detection and monitoring of ice jams and river floods;
monitoring the condition of transport highways, oil and gas pipelines, power lines and other objects;
environmental monitoring of water areas and coastlines;
determination of the exact coordinates of emergency areas and affected facilities.

Monitoring is carried out day and night, in favorable and limited weather conditions. Along with this, the unmanned aerial vehicle provides a search for technical equipment that has suffered an accident (catastrophe) and missing groups of people. The search is carried out according to a pre-entered flight mission or according to a flight route quickly changed by the operator. It is equipped with guidance systems, on-board radar systems, sensors and video cameras.

During flight, as a rule, control of an unmanned aerial vehicle is automatically carried out through an on-board navigation and control complex, which includes:

satellite navigation receiver, providing navigation information reception from GLONASS and GPS systems;
a system of inertial sensors that provides determination of the orientation and movement parameters of an unmanned aerial vehicle;
a sensor system that provides altitude and airspeed measurements;
various types of antennas.

The on-board communication system operates in the permitted radio frequency range and provides data transmission from board to ground and from ground to board.

Problems to be solved

Can be classified into four main groups:

emergency detection;
participation in emergency response;
search and rescue of victims;
disaster damage assessment.

In such tasks, the senior operator must optimally select the route, speed and altitude of the UAV flight in order to cover the observation area in the minimum time or number of flights, taking into account the viewing sectors of television and thermal imaging cameras.

In this case, it is necessary to exclude double or multiple flights of the same places in order to save material and human resources.

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According to their purpose and tasks performed, there are four main classes:

Multi-role aviation;

Transport aviation;

Search and rescue aviation;

Special aviation.

a) Multi-purpose aviation.

Multi-purpose aircraft (AC)- devices capable of performing diverse tasks without changing their design.

The versatility of the aircraft is ensured by the use of multifunctional, quick-detachable onboard equipment. For example, with the external suspension of a container with special equipment, a multi-purpose aircraft can perform reconnaissance functions. Some aircraft designs make it possible to quickly carry out their radical re-equipment in airfield conditions. Thus, on Ka-26 (Ka-126, Ka-226) helicopters, depending on the task, you can install a passenger cabin, a cargo cabin, a transport platform, an onboard winch for crane installation work, equipment for agricultural work, etc.

Often, aircraft that are produced in a large number of variants for various purposes or specialized modifications are also considered multi-purpose, and all aircraft of a given family are considered. Multi-purpose aircraft include An-2, An-14, An-28, Mi-2, Mi-8, Ka-32 and others.

In the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, multi-purpose aircraft are represented only by helicopters - domestic Mi-2, Mi-8, Ka-32, Western European Vo.105 and VK-117. In the near future, the Ka-226 helicopter and the Be-200 aircraft should be put into service.

b) Transport aviation

Transport aviation includes Aircraft designed primarily for cargo transportation ( cargo and military transport aircraft ), as well as passengers ( transport-landing, cargo-passenger and passenger aircraft ).

Cargo aircraft- transport planes and helicopters for transporting mail, cargo, equipment with accompanying personnel. Cargo aircraft, as a rule, have a cargo compartment in which the transported cargo is placed and moored; equipped with large cargo hatches, ramp(s) and loading and unloading equipment to accommodate cargo. Helicopters, in addition, can transport cargo on a flexible or rigid external sling.

The most important characteristics of cargo aircraft are payload capacity; speed, distance and cost of transportation; overall dimensions and volume of the cargo compartment.

Aeronautical vehicles can also be used as cargo aircraft due to their large payload capacity. However, the operation of airships was practically curtailed after World War II. In the 70s, research was conducted in a number of countries (including the USSR) on the feasibility of using airships for transporting large-sized heavy (up to 500 tons) cargo, but these studies have not yet received real practical implementation, despite a large number of projects.

Airborne transport (including military transport aircraft) designed for airborne landings and air transportation of troops, military equipment, weapons, ammunition, fuel, food and other materiel, evacuation of the wounded and sick.

Their fuselage usually consists of a cargo compartment to accommodate the personnel of the transported troops, military equipment and cargo. For securing, loading, unloading and landing people and cargo, landing transport equipment is installed in these cabins.

On most aircraft, in the rear fuselage there is a cargo hatch with a folding ramp, through which the aircraft is loaded and unloaded on the ground. Some aircraft are equipped with a cargo hatch in the side of the fuselage, and super-heavy aircraft may also have a hinged nose section to speed up and facilitate loading and unloading. The tail hatch can also be opened in flight to release paratroopers, military equipment and landing cargo on parachute systems or jet platforms.

Passenger aircraft- airplanes and helicopters are intended only for transporting people. In its pure form, it is used only by civil passenger airlines. However, in the event of emergency situations, passenger planes and helicopters of any company, regardless of their form of ownership, can also be used to transport rescuers, medical workers, victims, cargo and necessary equipment.

Utility aircraft- quickly re-equipped (convertible) modifications of passenger aircraft. When designing a basic airplane and helicopter, the fuselage structure includes a cargo door, a reinforced floor (for cargo transportation) and fastening points for containers and pallets. The purpose of creating a cargo-passenger aircraft is to make better use of its carrying capacity. All transport helicopters (Mi-8, Mi-6, Mi-26) have cargo modifications, however, in the passenger (landing) version they are equipped with a ramp and units for mooring cargo.

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations uses Il-76td, An-74p and, in the future, An-124 aircraft as cargo and cargo-passenger aircraft; helicopters Mi-2, Mi-8t, Mi-6 and Mi-26t. To transport victims from emergency zones, the aviation fleet of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations has passenger aircraft Yak-40, Yak-42d and Il-62m, cargo-passenger helicopters Mi-26t and Mi-8mtv. They can also perform specific functions. For example, the Mi-8mtv and Yak-40 have modifications in the “salon” version, the Il-62m and Yak-42d have modifications in the “air control center” version, which are intended to serve the leadership of the Ministry.

c) Search and rescue aviation

Search and rescue aircraft are designed to search for and evacuate crews and passengers from airplanes, helicopters, sea vessels, etc. in distress, as well as crews of descending spacecraft. Airplanes and helicopters are equipped with direction-finding and other search radio equipment. Their crews are trained in searching for victims and providing them with first aid. On board are doctors, rescue paratroopers, as well as emergency equipment and equipment. Evacuation of those in distress and victims using a helicopter is carried out by hovering over the disaster site. Rope ladders and winches with cables are used to lift people. Rescue parachutists, inflatable rafts, and food are dropped from airplanes to the disaster site if it is impossible to land a seaplane and then take it off.

The main search and rescue aircraft in our country, most of which are also used by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, are specialized helicopters from the Design Bureau named after. N.I. Kamov - Ka-32a and Ka-226a. In addition, the Be-200chs seaplane and OKB helicopters were produced in search and rescue versions. M.L. Mil - multi-purpose helicopters Mi-2, Mi-8ps, hydrohelicopter Mi-14, landing helicopter Mi-24ps, as well as multi-purpose Western European helicopters Vo.105 and VK-117.

d) Special purpose aviation

Firefighting aircraft designed to fight fire in forests and peatlands. In the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, for this purpose, helicopters are equipped with special drainage devices on an external sling: Mi-8mtv and Ka-32p - VSU-5, Mi-26tp - VSU-15 with a capacity of 5 and 15 tons of extinguishing solution, respectively. Airplane Il-7btd is equipped with a quick-detachable aviation pouring device VAP-2 with two containers with a total volume of up to 42 tons of water. In the near future, the operation of the newest Be-200chs aircraft, capable of carrying up to 12 tons of water, will begin. In Russia, in addition, An-2p, An-26p and Be-12p aircraft are used to extinguish fires.

Air emergency medical service The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia is intended to provide emergency medical care on site, emergency air hospitalization of patients in specialized medical institutions; providing planning and advisory assistance to doctors at district and local hospitals; participation in urgent sanitary and anti-epidemic measures, etc., and are similar to the sanitary aviation aircraft of the Russian healthcare system, which uses civil aviation airplanes and helicopters for medical care of the population.

The ambulance aircraft provides accommodation in the passenger cabin for patients in armchairs, on folding seats or stretchers, as well as the accompanying medical staff with a set of sanitary facilities to provide them with the necessary assistance during the flight.

Specialized modifications of the multi-purpose Mi-2, Mi-8, Mi-6, Mi-26, Ka-32 helicopters and An-2, An-14, An-28, An-72, An-74 aircraft can be used as ambulances. An-124, Il-76. The cargo cabins of the Mi-8, Mi-26 and Il-76 can be equipped as flying hospitals or operating rooms.

The Il-76 aircraft of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is capable of delivering or landing a field hospital of the All-Russian Center for Disaster Medicine “Zashchita” into an emergency zone; an airmobile hospital with a capacity of 50 beds, and a base camp for Tsentrospas rescuers, as well as ambulance helicopters Vo.105 and VK-117, and ambulances. Also, a unique flying hospital “Scalpel” has been created on the basis of the Il-76 aircraft, and the issue of transferring it to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is being considered.

Control and communication aircraft are designed to direct forces and assets from air control posts and ensure stable communication (relay) between ground control posts and the forces they control. The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations serves as an air control center for the Il-62m, Yak-42d aircraft and the Mi-8mtv helicopter.

Patrol and reconnaissance aircraft of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations are used to monitor (observe) the state of the terrain and the environment in a given area, and perform general and specialized types of reconnaissance.

Patrol aircraft perform some kind of surveillance (security) task in a given area. Patrolling can be carried out in order to control territorial waters, forests, traffic on highways, the condition of oil and gas pipelines, power lines in remote areas, etc. For such tasks, the same aircraft are used as for reconnaissance flights.

Reconnaissance aircraft designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance of enemy troops and military installations, their own and enemy territories. Military reconnaissance aircraft, depending on their purpose and design, consist of tactical, operational and strategic reconnaissance aircraft. Military helicopters are used only for tactical reconnaissance.

In addition, airplanes and helicopters can be used both in the military and civilian fields to conduct engineering, radiation-chemical, medical-biological, environmental, bacteriological (in the interests of the Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Health), meteorological, forestry, ice, marine (for the Navy, Federal Border Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Fisheries, Hydromet, etc.) and other types of special reconnaissance.

Depending on the nature of the tasks being solved and the conditions for conducting reconnaissance, aircraft are equipped with recording and transmitting equipment for day and night photography, television and video recording at various scales, radio communication and radar stations with high resolution, heat direction finders, magnetic and radiometric equipment, radiation devices , chemical and bacteriological control. Devices for automatic information processing directly on board the aircraft are being developed.

Patrol and reconnaissance modifications have An-30, An-74, Be-200 aircraft; helicopters Mi-2, Mi-8, Mi-24, Ka-32, Ka-226. The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations uses Vo helicopters for the same purposes. 105 and VK-117.

Along with manned aircraft, various types of unmanned aircraft, as well as aeronautical vehicles and flying platforms, can also be used to conduct operational and tactical aerial reconnaissance, terrain monitoring, and ensure stability of control and communications.

Flying platforms- promising manned or unmanned vertical take-off vehicles with helicopter rotors (helicopters), aircraft-type propellers (platforms themselves) or vertically positioned jet engines (jet platforms) that create lift.

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is financing the work of Kamov’s company to develop tethered and autonomous versions of an unmanned helicopter platform with coaxial rotors for monitoring and general reconnaissance of the area, ensuring stability of control and communications - the Ka-137 helicopter.

Planned composition of aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia

Second study question

2. Purpose, main technical characteristics of standard sets of technical means, emergency rescue tools (mechanized, non-mechanized, electric, pneumatic hydraulic, special) and equipment