2017

According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated August 1, 2015 No. 392 “On holding the Year of Specially Protected Natural Areas in the Russian Federation,” 2017 was declared in Russia year of ecology.

2018

The World Cup will be held in Russia!

2018 is the Year of the Volunteer in Russia. (Decree of the President of Russia No. 583 of December 6, 2017)

2019 is the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 20, 2017).

2019 is the International Year of Indigenous Languages ​​(resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly on 12/19/2016).

International decades

2015-2024 - International Decade for People of African Descent

2014-2024 - A decade of sustainable energy for all

2011-2020 - Third International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism

2011-2020 - United Nations Decade on Biodiversity

2011-2020 - Decade of Action for Road Safety

2010-2020 - United Nations Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification

2008-2017 - Second decade of the United Nations for the eradication of poverty.

2017 in the Russian Federation will be declared the Year of Specially Protected Natural Areas. Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree on holding the Year of Specially Protected Natural Areas in 2017. The Year of Protected Natural Areas will be timed to coincide with the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Russian nature reserve system.

International holidays

In its resolution adopted at the 14th session, the General Conference of UNESCO recognized the need for concerted action in international efforts to promote literacy throughout the world and proclaimed 8 September as International Literacy Day.

In 1981, by its resolution 36/67, the UN General Assembly proclaimed the International Day of Peace and established its celebration on the third Tuesday in September. And 20 years later, in 2001, the General Assembly unanimously adopted resolution 55/282, which decided that from 2002 the International Day of Peace will be celebrated annually on September 21 as a day of general ceasefire and renunciation of violence.

Established in 1951, in honor of the creation of the World Federation of the Deaf and Mutes

On December 14, 1990, the UN General Assembly decided to consider October 1 as the International Day of Older Persons.

22 of October - International School Library Day (date for 2018).

Celebrated in many countries annually on the fourth Monday of October, since 1999 at the initiative of UNESCO. Moreover, every year it is dedicated to a specific topic. In 2008, this event reached a new level - in January, project coordinator Rick Mulholland announced that International School Library Day would be transformed into a month - also international.
15th of November - International No Smoking Day (date for 2018).

This day was established by the American Cancer Society in 1977. The goal of International No Smoking Day is to help reduce the prevalence of tobacco addiction, involve all segments of the population and doctors of all specialties in the fight against smoking, prevent smoking and inform society about the harmful effects of tobacco on health.

On November 16, 1995, UNESCO Member States adopted the Declaration of Principles on Tolerance. In 1996, the UN General Assembly invited member states to celebrate the International Day for Tolerance on November 16 each year with events aimed at both educational institutions and the general public.

In 1973, the holiday of greetings was invented by two American brothers, Michael and Brian McCormack, at the height of the Cold War, in response to the conflict between Egypt and Israel. The day was necessary as a sign of protest against increasing international tension.

“We need a simple but effective act,” the brothers decided and sent letters with warm greetings to all corners of the world. They asked the recipient to greet someone else, well, at least ten more people! This idea has been supported in more than 180 countries. Since then, World Greetings Day has been celebrated by citizens of all professions and ages, major political leaders, industrial tycoons, and world-famous film and television personalities.

Held annually since 1994. On this day in 1992, the first International Informatization Forum took place.

In 1992, at the end of the United Nations Decade of Persons with Disabilities (1983-1992), the UN General Assembly proclaimed December 3 as the International Day of Persons with Disabilities.

On December 4, 1950, at the Plenary Assembly, the UN General Assembly officially established December 10 as Human Rights Day. This date was chosen to honor the adoption and proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948.

On December 28, 1895, the first session of the Lumière brothers' cinematography took place in Paris at the Grand Café on the Boulevard des Capucines.

Proclaimed by the General Conference of UNESCO on 17 November 1999, International Mother Language Day has been celebrated every year since February 2000 to promote linguistic and cultural diversity.

In 1999, at the 30th session of the UNESCO General Conference, it was decided to celebrate World Poetry Day on March 21 every year.

Established in 1961 by the IX Congress of the International Theater Institute

Since 1967, on the initiative and decision of the International Children's Book Council, on April 2, the birthday of the great Danish storyteller Hans Christian Andersen, the whole world celebrates International Children's Book Day.

Celebrated annually on the day of the creation of the World Health Organization in 1948. The purpose of this organization is to fight epidemics, create a healthy lifestyle for the world's population, give publicity and draw people's attention to improving health and prolonging life. And in order for humanity to pay attention, at least once a year, to the problems associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, a special world (international) health day was created. World Health Day 2018 is dedicated to access to health care.

Established by the UN General Assembly in 1993

Every year on May 24, all Slavic countries solemnly glorify the creators of Slavic writing, Cyril and Methodius - Slovenian teachers.

The World Health Organization declared May 31 as World No Tobacco Day in 1988.

Writers of the Year 2020

January

01/02/1920 (100) Isaac Asimov. Science fiction writer, from a family of emigrants from Russia. He gained worldwide fame as the author of the collection of short stories “I, Robot”.

01/04/1795 (225) Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. Russian poet and playwright. Author of the rhyming play "Woe from Wit".

01/04/1875 (145) Vasily Grigorievich Yanchevetsky (Yan). Russian writer of the Soviet era. Author of the trilogy "Invasion of the Mongols".

17.01. 1860 (160) Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Russian prose writer, playwright. His works are included in the classics of Russian literature. Wrote more than 300 works.

February

02/10/1890 (130) Boris Pasternak. Russian poet and writer. Author of the novel Doctor Zhivago, for which he received the Nobel Prize. In 2019-2020, conferences dedicated to studying the themes of this work are planned for the writer’s anniversary.

02/14/1855 (165) Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin. Russian writer, art critic. Author of the children's fairy tale "The Frog Traveler".

02/23/1840 (180) Vsevolod Vladimirovich Krestovsky. Russian poet and prose writer. The most famous work is the novel “Petersburg Slums”.

02/29/1920 (100) Fedor Alexandrovich Abramov. Soviet writer and literary critic. He wrote the trilogy “Pryaslina”, for which he was awarded the USSR State Prize.

March

03/06/1815 (205) Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov. Russian poet, playwright, author of the fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse.”

03/08/1920 (100) Ivan Fotievich Stadnyuk. Soviet prose writer, playwright. He wrote biographical stories about the war.

03/20/1905 (115) Vera Fedorovna Panova. Author of the story “Companions”, based on which the film “Mercy Train” was filmed.

April

04/02/1840 (180) Emile Zola. French writer, author of the collection of stories “Tales of Ninon”, the autobiographical novel “Confession of Claude”.

04/02/1805 (215) Hans Christian Andersen. Danish prose writer. Wrote children's fairy tales.

04/26/1660 (360) Daniel Defoe. English writer, author of the novel Robinson Crusoe, known to everyone since childhood. He was the first to introduce the concept of the novel as a separate genre of literature. About 500 books were published from the master’s pen.

May

05/16/1910 (110) Olga Fedorovna Berggolts. Soviet writer, playwright. Author of the book “Leningrad Speaks,” written based on radio broadcasts from the city besieged during the war.

05/24/1905 (115) Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov. Soviet writer and screenwriter. Author of the novels “Quiet Don”, “Virgin Soil Upturned”, “They Fought for the Motherland”.

05/24/1940 (80) Joseph Alexandrovich Brodsky. Russian-American emigrant poet. His plays “Marble” and “Democracy” became especially popular.

June

06.06.1875 (145) Thomas Mann. German writer, from whose pen the novel “Buddenbrooks” was published, which received the Nobel Prize.

06/21/1910 (110) Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. Soviet poet. Author of the poems “Vasily Terkin” and “House by the Road”.

06/29/1900 (120) Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. French writer, winner of two literary awards for the novel “Wind, Sand and Stars”, as well as the author of the fairy tale “The Little Prince”.

July

07/06/1885 (135) Andre Maurois. French writer, worked in the genre of novelized biography.

07/10/1905 (115) Lev Abramovich Kassil. The most famous work is the autobiographical story “Conduit and Shvambrania”.

07/13/1920 (100) Arkady Grigorievich Adamov. Soviet writer, worked in the detective genre. With his story “The Motley Case” he revived the detective genre in the USSR.

August

08/05/1850 (170) Guy de Maupassant. He became famous as a short story writer. He wrote in the era of the decline of the novel genre and the increased popularity of short stories.

08/22/1920 (100) Ray Bradbury. American writer who worked in the dystopian genre. Author of 11 novels, including Dandelion Wine, Fahrenheit 451, and The Martian Chronicles.

08/23/1880 (140) Alexander Stepanovich Green. Author of the extravaganza story “Scarlet Sails”, the novel “Running on the Waves”.

September

09/07/1870 (150) Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin. He became famous as a master of literary landscape. In 1909 he was awarded the Pushkin Prize.

09/13/1935 (85) Albert Anatolyevich Likhanov. Russian children's writer. His books are published both in Russia and abroad.

09/15/1890 (130) Agatha Christie (Miller). English writer. Author of more than 60 detective stories that have become world classics, and 6 psychological novels.

October

03.10.1895 (125) Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin. The Russian poet, a master of literary landscape, wrote in the lyrical genre.

10/13/1880 (140) Sasha Cherny. Poet of the Silver Age. He began his creative activity in St. Petersburg, then emigrated to Paris.

10.22.1870 (150) Ivan Alekseevich Bunin. Prose writer and poet. Recognition came after the release of the story “The Village”.

10/23/1920 (100) Gianni Rodari. Italian children's writer, author of "The Adventures of Cipollino."

November

11/28/1880 (140) Alexander Alexandrovich Blok. Russian poet and literary critic. His works successfully intertwined the mystical and everyday.

11/28/1915 (105) Konstantin Mikhailovich Simonov. Soviet writer, film screenwriter. Gained popularity as the author of military lyrics. The most famous poem is “Wait for Me.”

11/30/1835 (185) Mark Twain. The American writer, according to Hemingway, is the founder of modern American literature.

December

12/05/1820 (200) Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet. Russian writer and translator. He received the Pushkin Prize for his translation of Horace.

12/30/1865 (155) Rudyard Kipling. English writer. The most famous work is “The Jungle Book”.

12/16/1775 (245) Jane Austen. English writer. Author of the novel "Pride and Prejudice"

ANNIVERSARY BOOKS 2019

530 years reproduction in the chronicle of travel records “Walking across Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin(1489)

525 years since the completion of work on the satirical poem “Ship of Fools” by S. Brandt(1494)

485 years first publication "The Ballad of Robin Hood"(1534)

455 years since the publication of the first printed book "Apostle"(1564)

415 years drama W. Shakespeare's "Othello""(1604)

350 years comedy J. B. Moliere “Tartuffe”(1669)

300 years since the story was published Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe""(1719)

260 years since the publication of the story Voltaire "Candide, or Optimism"(1759)

250 years comedy D. I. Fonvizin “Brigadier”(1769)

245 years sentimental novel " The Sorrows of Young Werther" by J. Goethe(1774)

235 years "The Marriage of Figaro" French playwright Pierre Augustin de Beaumarchais(1784)

230 years "Confession" French philosopher and educator J. J. Rousseau(1789)

215 years novel Friedrich Schiller "William Tell"(1804)

210 years first publication “Fables” by Ivan Andreevich Krylov(1809)

205 years essay Alexander Pushkin “Memories in Tsarskoe Selo”, which caused delight during the exam in January 1815 G. R. Derzhavina(1814)

200 years since the novel was published Walter Scott "Ivanhoe"(1819)

200 years THIS. Hoffmann "Little Tsakhes, nicknamed Zinnober"(1819)

195 years since the creation of the comedy “Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboyedov(1824)

195 years poem A. S. Pushkin “Gypsies”(1824)

195 years novel in verse Byron "Don Juan"(1824)

190 years publication was completed ago “History of the Russian State” by N. M. Karamzin(Volume 12 – in 1829)

190 years since the publication of the story A. Pogorelsky “Black Hen, or Underground Inhabitants”(1829)

185 years since the fairy tale came out Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov “The Little Humpbacked Horse”"(1834)

185 years fairy tale A. S. Pushkin “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel”(1834)

185 years since creation V. F. Odoevsky fairy tales “Town in a Snuff Box”(1834)

180 years back Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov finished the poem "Mtsyri"(1839)

180 years novel Charles Dickens "The Adventures of Oliver Twist"(1839)

175 years since the novel was published A. Dumas “The Three Musketeers”(1844)

175 years since writing H. C. Andersen fairy tales "The Snow Queen"(1844)

175 years novel J. Sand "Countess Rudolstadt"(1844)

170 years translation V. Zhukovsky "Odyssey" Homer(1849)

165 years I. S. Turgenev “Mumu”(1854)

160 years since the novel was published I. A. Goncharova “Oblomov”(1859)

160 years since the drama was staged A. N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”(1859)

160 years since the novel was published Ivan Turgenev “The Noble Nest”(1859)

155 years since writing J. Verne's novel “Journey to the Center of the Earth”(1864)

155 years poem N. A. Nekrasova “Railway”(1864)

150 years since the completion of the novel's publication “War and Peace” by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy(1869)

150 years Ivan Goncharov “Break”(1869)

150 years novel published ago V. Hugo “The Man Who Laughs”(1869)

145 years since writing J. Verne's novel “The Mysterious Island”(1874)

135 years since the publication of the novel M. Twain "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"(1884)

125 years since the completion of work on fairy tales R. J. Kipling's "The Jungle Book"(1894)

115 years “Poems about a Beautiful Lady” by Alexander Blok(1904)

115 years since the writing of the lyrical comedy “The Cherry Orchard” by A. P. Chekhov(1904)

115 years since the novel was written D. London "Sea Wolf"(1904)

115 years since the publication of the story L. N. Tolstoy “Hadji Murat”(1904)

105 years collection Anna Akhmatova's Rosary(1914)

100 years since the fairy tale was published K.I. Chukovsky “Crocodile”(1919)

95 years old V. V. Bianchi “Forest Houses”, “Whose nose is better?”, “Whose legs are these?”, “Who sings with what?”(1924)

95 years old since the creation of the fairy tale K. I. Chukovsky “The Fly Tsokotukha”(in 1924 - "Mukhin's Wedding")

95 years old since the creation of the fairy tale Y. K. Olesha “Three fat men”"(1924)

95 years old the novel was released in English translation back E. Zamyatina “We”(1924)

95 years old since the novel was published K. Fedina “Cities and Years”(1924)

90 years old since the fairy tale was published K. I. Chukovsky “Aibolit”(1929)

90 years old since creation E. M. Remarque’s novel “All Quiet on the Western Front”(1929)

90 years old since the creation of the novel "A Farewell to Arms!" E. Hemingway(1929)

90 years old stories Boris Pilnyak "Mahogany"(1929)

85 years old stories by a Russian writer K. Paustovsky “Colchis”(1934)

85 years old since the publication of the fairy tale "Mary Poppins" by Pamela Travers(1934)

80 years old novel by a French writer Antoine de Saint-Exupery "Planet of Men"(1939)

80 years old since the publication of the story R. I. Fraerman “The Wild Dog Dingo, or the Tale of First Love”(1939)

80 years old since the writing of the fairy tale “The Wizard of the Emerald City” by A. M. Volkov(1939)

80 years old since the publication of the story A. P. Gaidar “The Fate of the Drummer”(1939)

80 years old since the publication of fairy tales P. P. Bazhov “Malachite Box”(1939)

80 years old since the story was published K. G. Paustovsky “Meshcherskaya Side”(1939)

75 years old since creation L. A. Kassilem stories "My dear boys"(1944)

75 years old since the novel was published V. A. Kaverina “Two Captains”(1944)

75 years old since the publication of the collection of stories and fairy tales “The Magic Word” by V. A. Oseeva(1944)

70 years old since creation Lev Kassil together with Max Polyanovsky stories "Street of the Youngest Son"(1949)

70 years old since the publication of the collection “Poems for Children” by Agnia Barto(1949)

70 years old since publication Dictionary of the Russian language by S. I. Ozhegov(1949)

65 years old Daniil Granin "Seekers"(1954)

65 years old since the story was written N. N. Nosova “The Adventures of Dunno and His Friends”(1954)

65 years old Astrid Lindgren "Mio, my Mio!"(1954)

60 years since the publication of the novel Arkady and Boris Strugatsky “Land of Crimson Clouds”(1959)

60 years since the novel was published W. Faulkner "Mansion"(1959)

60 years since the start of publication of the novel K. M. Simonova “The Living and the Dead”(1959)

60 years since writing "Deniska's stories" by V. Yu. Dragunsky(1959)

60 years since the publication of the story V. A. Oseeva “Dinka”(1959)

60 years since the book was published S. S. Smirnova “Brest Fortress”(1959)

55 years since the publication of the novel K. M. Simonova “Soldiers are not born”(1964)

55 years since the publication of the story L. A. Kassil “Be prepared, your highness!”(1964)

50 years since the publication of the story B. L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...”(1969)

50 years since the publication of the novel Yu. V. Bondareva “Hot Snow”(1969)

45 years since the creation of the story B. L. Vasilyeva “Not on the lists”(1974)

45 years since the publication of the trilogy V. P. Krapivina “Boy with a Sword”(1972–1974)

45 years stories by a Russian writer V. Rasputin “Live and Remember”(1974)

40 years since the publication of a collection of poems, fairy tales and plays “Calculations” by Boris Zakhoder(1979)

25 years since the novel was written D. Granin “Flight to Russia”(1994)

20 years since the creation of the novel “Bermuda Triangle” by Yu. V. Bondarev(1999)

15 years since the novels were published Dmitry Yemets "Tanya Grotter and the Centaur's Boots" And "Tanya Grotter and the Well of Poseidon"(2004)

Writers' anniversaries 2018-2019

Anniversary books of 2018

665 years (1353) – “The Decameron” was written by G. Boccaccio (published in 1470)

485 years (1533) – “Gargantua and Pantagruel” by F. Rabelais

425 years (1593) – “The Taming of the Shrew” by W. Shakespeare

275 years (1743) – odes “Morning reflection on God’s majesty” and “Evening reflection on God’s majesty in the event of the great northern lights” by M.V. Lomonosov

210 years (1808) – “Faust” (part 1) I.V. Goethe

200 years (1818) – “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” by J. Byron

195 years (1823) – “Pioneers” by D.F. Cooper

190 years (1828) – “Poltava” A.S. Pushkin

180 years (1838) – “The Steadfast Tin Soldier”, “Wild Swans”, “The Snow Queen”, “The Ugly Duckling” by H. C. Andersen

180 years (1838) - “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov” by M.Yu. Lermontov

175 years (1843) – “The Gold Bug” by E. Poe

170 years (1848) – “White Nights” by F.M. Dostoevsky

170 years (1848) – “Dombey and Son” by Charles Dickens

160 years (1858) – “The Scarlet Flower” by S.T. Aksakov

160 years (1858) – “Asya” by I.S. Turgenev

155 years (1863) – The first volume of “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl was published

155 years (1863) – “What to do? From stories about new people" by N.G. Chernyshevsky

155 years (1863) – “Prince Silver” A.K. Tolstoy

150 Years (1868) – “The Children of Captain Grant” by Jules Verne

150 years (1868) – “The Idiot” by F.M. Dostoevsky

145 years (1873) - “The Enchanted Wanderer” N.S. Leskova

145 years (1873) - “Russian Women” by N.A. Nekrasova

140 years (1878) – “Without a family” G. Malo

140 years (1878) – “Treasure Island” by R. Stevenson

135 Years (1883) – “Treasure Island” by R.L. Stevenson

135 years (1883) – “Gutta-percha boy” by D.V. Grigorovich

120 years (1898) – “War of the Worlds” by H. Wells

115 years (1903) – “After the Ball” by Leo Tolstoy

110 years (1908) – “The Blue Bird” by M. Maeterlinck

105 years (1913) – “Childhood” by M. Gorky

100 years (1918) – “The Twelve” by A. Blok

95 years (1923) – “Moidodyr” by K.I. Chukovsky

95 years (1923) – “Scarlet Sails” by A. Green

90 years (1928) – “Amphibian Man” by A. Belyaev

90 years (1928) – “Forest Newspaper” by V.V. Bianchi

90 years (1928) – “Three Fat Men” by Y.K. Olesha

90 years (1928) - “Little Children” (in subsequent editions “From 2 to 5”) by K. Chukovsky

90 years (1928) – “Who to be?” V.V. Mayakovsky

90 years (1928) – “Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov

85 years (1933) - “The Tale of the Military Secret” by A. Gaidar was published in “Pionerskaya Pravda” on April 5-11

80 years (1938) – “Flags on the towers” ​​by A. Makarenko

80 years (1938) – “Military Secret” by A. Gaidar

80 years (1938) – “Cherymysh – the hero’s brother” by L. A. Kassil

80 years (1938) – “Three Comrades” by E.M. Remarque

75 years (1943) – “The Little Prince” by A. de Saint-Exupéry

75 years (1943) – “Dark Alleys” by I.A. Bunin

70 years (1948) – “The Tale of Lost Time” by E. Schwartz

70 years (1948) – “Dirk” by A.N. Rybakova

135 years ago the first Pushkin celebration took place in Moscow

On June 5, 1880, the first Pushkin holiday in Russian history began in Moscow. It lasted four days. The organization of the celebrations was undertaken by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, Moscow University and the Moscow City Duma. A program for the Pushkin Days was drawn up, which included, in addition to the opening of the monument, public meetings of the Society, literary and musical evenings, speeches by famous cultural figures, especially famous writers, gala dinners with speeches and toasts.

The holiday began with the opening of the Pushkin exhibition in the premises of the Noble Assembly. A festive reception was held in the hall of the Moscow City Duma, which was attended by more than 250 people who arrived from different parts of Russia. Among the distinguished guests were a member of the royal family, Prince of Oldenburg, Governor-General Dolgorukov, and the children of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and their families. Writers Ivan Turgenev, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Alexander Ostrovsky, the famous Slavophile publicist Ivan Aksakov, literary critic of liberal views Pavel Annenkov, writer and critic Nikolai Strakhov, historian Vasily Klyuchevsky, composer Nikolai Rubinstein and many others came to honor the memory of the great Russian poet.

The date for celebrating Russian Language Day was June 6. This is the birthday of Alexander Pushkin, the great writer, poet, playwright. In addition, Pushkin is considered the creator of the modern literary Russian language.

Russian language - one of the largest languages ​​in the world, is the most widespread of the Slavic languages, the most widespread European language in a geographical sense and, based on the total number of speakers, ranks among the top ten world languages. According to the latest data, there are more than 150 million Russian speakers in the world, more than 100 million more speak Russian as a second language. In addition to the Russian Federation, Russian is the official language of some CIS countries, as well as Abkhazia and South Ossetia. It also remains the language of informal communication in the countries of the former USSR. Interestingly, all cosmonauts who will work on the International Space Station must study spoken Russian. On Russian Language Day, various events are held in the UN General Assembly building. In particular, these are concerts of Slavic folk music, competitions on knowledge of the Russian language and literature, exhibitions of works of art, lectures, film demonstrations and express lessons.

The most ancient libraries in the world were the first clay catalogs of Sumerian literature, the library of Ashurbanipal, and the library of the Temple of Edfu in Egypt. In Athens, Euripides, Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes, Euclid, and Euthydemus owned large private libraries. The first public Greek library was founded in Athens by Pasistratus. The eighth wonder of the world - the Library of Alexandria - included more than 700 thousand scrolls of handwritten books. Government officials in Alexandria confiscated all books imported into the country and sent them to the library marked “from ships.” The rulers of the city introduced a ban on the export of papyrus to stop the rapid growth of the library of Rhodes. According to legend, books from Alexandria were kept in the disappeared library of Ivan the Terrible.

A characteristic feature of Roman libraries is their location in country villas. Private libraries in the II-I centuries. BC. were from Emilius Paulus (based on the library of the Macedonian king Perseus), Sulla (based on the library of Aristotle), Lucullus (based on the library of the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator), Varro, Cicero, Atticus, Virgil. The first public library in Rome was created by Gaius Asinius Pollio in the 1st century. BC.

By the middle of the 17th century, central government institutions were created in Russia - orders, under which, by state decree or order in the field of library science, special departmental libraries were organized. One of the most significant libraries was the library of the Prikaz Printing Dvor (Typographic Library), created at the beginning of the 17th century.

State reforms in the spheres of politics, economics, culture and education carried out in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century by Emperor Peter I were of great importance for the development of libraries. The most important event in the field of librarianship during the reign of Peter I was the establishment in 1714 in St. Petersburg of the first state scientific library in Russia, which was founded simultaneously with the Kunstkamera. Both of these institutions were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Academy of Sciences, founded in 1724. The creation of a fundamental library met the urgent needs of the socio-political and cultural life of Russia and had a great influence on the subsequent development of library science.

The library was replenished mainly through private collections, transfers of funds from some Orders, purchases and exchanges with foreign scientific institutions. And also due to the legal deposit of literature printed in the printing house. Not only academicians, but also other scientists, statesmen and representatives of the nobility could use the library’s collections.

Libraries are repositories of human memory, the main source of information - from ancient manuscripts to electronic resources. As academician D. Likhachev said, “libraries are the most important thing in culture... while the library is alive, the people are alive; if it dies, the past and the future will die.”

On May 24, Russia celebrates the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture. The holiday is known as the day of remembrance of the first teachers of the Slavic peoples - the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles brothers Cyril and Methodius. In Russia, the holiday was revived in 1986, and in 1991, by Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation No. 568-1, it received state status. Officially, this is not a day off, but various festivals, concerts and other events are held to mark this holiday.

Every year on May 25, Philologist Day is celebrated in Russia. This date is professional holiday for everyone o is somehow connected with philology - for graduates and teachers of philological faculties, teachers of Russian language and literature, library workers, translators and simply connoisseurs of their native language and literature.

Philology(from the Greek φιλολογία, “love of the word”) is a field of knowledge that studies written texts and, based on their content, linguistic and stylistic analysis, the history and essence of the spiritual culture of a given society. Philology is believed to have originated in Ancient India and Greece. In this regard, the philology of Greek, Latin and Sanskrit languages ​​is called classical philology.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, philology developed as a science that studies ancient culture (language, literature, history, philosophy, art in their interconnectedness).

Over time, the concept of philology has changed: philology began to be understood as a set of sciences that study the culture of a people, expressed in language and literary creativity. Therefore, modern philologists work in many areas of history, linguistics and literature, making a great contribution to the field of education and research into historical values. The significance of their profession for society cannot be overestimated.

Memorable dates in Russia are not just calendar numbers that repeat from year to year... No! This is something books, teachers, parents should remember and talk about... However, in practice the situation is completely different: the new generation is unaware of the great deeds of their people!

Formalities

The state, for its part, tried to consolidate and designate memorable dates in the history of Russia as much as possible, but this was not enough. On the territory of our country there is a Federal Law entitled “On the Days of Military Glory and Memorable Dates of Russia” dated 1995. However, you need to learn about such things not only by reading legal literature, studying the law on memorable dates in Russia, but also at the ordinary level of consciousness and development: from the stories of parents, books, from information from the Internet - there are a lot of sources. In order to eliminate such misunderstandings, we will talk about some events of the historical calendar.

Battle on the Ice

In total, the Russian calendar of memorable dates includes 15 historically significant events. Each of them undoubtedly deserves special attention, but children should know about the Battle of the Ice from primary school.

This historical event took place on April 18, and the main hero of the Battle of the Ice is undoubtedly the well-known Alexander Nevsky. In 1242, German knights, better known as crusaders, attacked Great Rus'. The battle took place on Undoubtedly, the historical figure of Alexander Nevsky deserves special attention in the chronicles of the Middle Ages. Such memorable dates in the history of Russia are important because they show the valor and courage of the Russian people: great and powerful.

Thanks to the Battle of the Ice, our troops completely destroyed the Germans’ plans for the successful conquest of the eastern territories, and also secured the borders of their homeland for a long time.

Battle of Kulikovo

On September 21, the whole country honors the memory of Dmitry Donskoy, who became the winner in another grandiose battle - the battle on the Kulikovo field. This was the first victory over the Tatar-Mongols, which served as the most important impetus for the formation of independence and gradual liberation from the oppression of foreign occupiers.

In 1380, on September 8, widespread battles broke out between representatives of the Golden Horde led by Mamai and brave Russian warriors - assistants to Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy. It is worth noting that initially the head of All Rus' pursued a policy of national liberation and, thanks to his perseverance, achieved stunning results. And the memorable dates of Russia’s military glory remind us of this every year.

November 7 - liberation of Moscow

Two big names - Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky - are still heard by every resident of the modern state. And all thanks to the fact that on this significant day the people’s militia defeated the Polish invaders, who so brazenly encroached on the territory and property of the Motherland! It is important to prepare a good message here: Russian memorial dates associated with November are usually associated with the Battle of Poltava.

The history of this event began back in 1609, when the Polish army attempted an illegal invasion of the territory of the Russian state, which was crowned with success. After Vasily Shuisky actually resigned from the board, the Polish interventionists illegally took the reins of government into their own hands.

Due to obvious injustice, popular discontent gradually began to grow in the country, and therefore political movements began to form that opposed the invaders. At the height of public unrest, he led the militia, and the governor Dmitry Pozharsky was responsible for all military actions.

Thus, the memorable dates of Russian military history were replenished with another significant event.

First naval victory

August, 1714. Thanks to the great reforms of the mighty autocrat Peter I, every resident of Russia proudly recalls the first significant victory of the navy. He himself acted as the commander-in-chief of that battle and won a stunning victory over the Swedish troops near Cape Gangut.

Many memorable dates in Russia are dedicated to the Northern War, in which the first emperor is a fundamental figure. In 1714, he skillfully commanded his army and managed to capture 10 enemy ships, completely destroying Ehrenskiöld's squadron.

Another victory of Peter I

The Russian people honor the victory in what happened in 1709 with great memory. And, of course, the extraordinary Peter I acted as a brilliant commander-in-chief of the army.

This time, the brave guys of the Russian Empire stopped an attempt to forcibly seize the territory by Swedish troops led by Charles XII. The date is considered memorable not only due to the brilliant victory, but also due to the fact that the victorious scales of the Northern War after such a battle tipped in favor of Russia. The first Russian emperor dubbed this significant event “victory over the second Poltava” - the largest naval victory of our people.

Holiday February 23

It so happened that on February 23 the whole country celebrates a holiday called Defender of the Fatherland Day. However, not everyone knows that in 1918 the Red Army won a significant victory over the Kaiser’s troops.

When Trotsky declared that Russia would never sign a peace treaty, in 1918 German troops took this statement as a unique opportunity to attack and wage a quick war, launching an offensive along the entire front line. First of all, the Petrograd direction was under threat. On the evening of February 23, enemy troops stopped near Pskov.

From this date and for five days, fierce battles were fought with the Red Army for the freedom of the Russian people. On February 28, the first lines of heroic glory had already spread throughout the state: the population knew their heroes! This is exactly how they appeared in Russia. When celebrating February 23 as Defender of the Fatherland Day, it is important to remember the great victory of Russian troops over the enemies of the Kaiser’s Germany.

Memory of the Battle of Stalingrad

The next bright star that consecrates memorable dates in Russia is the day of the defeat of German troops in the Battle of Stalingrad. A great historical event occurred on February 2, 1943.

We all remember that the Battle of Stalingrad is one of the most memorable battles of the Great Patriotic War. The broadest resistance began in the summer of 1942 and lasted almost 365 days. Many months of defense showed that the power of the German soldiers was only enough to advance 80 kilometers forward. But still, the multiple increase in the enemy’s strength of soldiers and equipment took its toll: on August 23, Stalingrad was captured. The hours of German penetration into the city became the most terrible for its inhabitants. The bombing lasted several days, volleys continuously lashed the city. But even at this seemingly turning point, the Russians did not allow themselves to lose heart! For several months there was a fierce struggle for every building, street, and district of the city.

November. Almost the entire city is captured. I didn’t even suspect then that the battle for Stalingrad would be included in Russia’s memorable dates. Sometimes the Volga River was a couple of hundred meters away.

During a period of intense military operations, on a day when, it would seem, everything was over, the Soviet commanders-in-chief began to develop a plan for a counteroffensive. Significant assistance in the implementation of the plan was provided by the people's reserves, thanks to which the enemy was gradually enclosed in a powerful ring of encirclement. Suspecting an unfavorable movement on the part of the Soviet soldiers, the German command attempted to disrupt the operation, which was immediately stopped on the spot. Thus, the cunning of the commanders, the courage of the soldiers and the incredible will of the Russian people brought victory. A huge number of prisoners of war were taken, including 2.5 thousand soldiers and about 24 generals. These are the kind of memorable military dates that Russian history knows.

Lifting the blockade of Leningrad

The whole world knows the military events of 1944. In August 1941, an enemy offensive began on the second most important capital of Russia - Leningrad. Soon the city found itself surrounded by Germans. The siege lasted 880 days. The violent attack killed more than 640,000 city residents. The victory came at a high price. But even in such a hopeless situation, the national spirit of the residents was not broken. Gradually arriving help, thoughts of imminent liberation, and reluctance to surrender to the enemy helped drive the troops of the fascist invaders out of the Soviet Union in disgrace! That is why every resident of the modern Russian state must remember that holidays and memorable dates in Russia include an event called Lifting the Siege of Leningrad - January 27.

The list of significant dates dedicated to great historical events does not end here. You can talk about the exploits of the Russian people for a very long time, describing each of them in bright colors. Therefore, modern society should never forget what our mighty ancestors did for us.

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Books

• Set of posters "Days of military glory and memorable dates of Russia". 16 posters with method. accompaniment , . The posters and methodological support presented in the set are an opportunity for the teacher, by aesthetically designing a patriotic corner, to create conditions for studying the heroic chronicle...
• Texts for presentations and lesson notes in the Russian language. Holidays and memorable dates of Russia, Zurobyan Sarkis Antonovich. The manual presents educational and practical material for working on coherent speech with students in grades 5-7 of special (correctional) educational institutions, taking into account common…
• Texts for presentations and lesson notes in the Russian language Holidays and memorable dates in Russia Practical manual for special correctional educational institutions, Zurobyan S.. The manual presents educational and practical material for working on coherent speech with students in grades 5-7 of special (correctional) educational institutions, taking into account the common ones with the mass...