Political map of the world Western Hemisphere. Interactive world map. See what a “political map of the world” is in other dictionaries

Let's start with a sensational statement: Man's first drawing was a map. Yes, not a hunting scene, but a plan view of the area. Perhaps it was a drawing with a twig on the sand, explaining to fellow tribesmen how to get to the treasured creek on the river or a place where there is a lot of game.

Since ancient times, drawing maps has been one of the most popular services, which very rare masters could provide. They cost significant value in return, especially if they were accurate and reliable.

On this page you can see a large map of the world with countries in Russian, expanding it to full screen, decide on the route of future travel or awaken nostalgic memories of past vacation days. We give credit for their authenticity, because these are images from space and there are no errors in them. If a river, a forest, a beach are depicted there, then they really exist.

The source of such cartographic wealth is the Internet resource Google Map And service from Yandex. Using satellite maps of the world is very simple - they have two main control functions:

• change of scale;
• way of displaying the relief.

If you want to get a general idea of ​​the area, then just open the “scheme”, which will allow you to carry out “strategic planning” - to determine the location of cities and points that must be visited.

Much more opportunities to learn about the details of the relief are provided by the “satellite mode” display, which recognizes terrain elements with a length of 10-15 meters:

• roads;
• clearings;
• squares;
• infrastructure;
• isolated rocks and peaks.

A political map of the world with countries large in Russian is also included in our list of useful tools in static form, you can see it below.

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Political map

Articles on the topic. Travel map to Russian Railways (availability of seats and ticket prices)

Interactive world map is a satellite map that allows you to interactively move around the planet, zooming in or out of any country, city or town.

You can zoom in on the interactive map, scaling it to streets and house numbers. To change the scale, use the “+” (zoom in) and “-” (zoom out) icons located in the lower right corner of the map. You can zoom in or out on the interactive map using the mouse wheel. The left mouse button zooms in on the map, the right mouse button zooms out. You can use the mouse to move the interactive map in all directions by using the left mouse button to grab any place on the map.

Interactive world map online is a very convenient and modern guide for exploring the city, its districts and attractions, hotels, places of recreation and entertainment. An online world map can become an indispensable assistant for you in your independent travel. Interactive map provided by Google Maps.

Interactive maps are constantly updated by the developers and every year they become clearer and with higher resolution. An interactive world map allows you to travel online around the world without leaving your computer. On the interactive world map, you can zoom in and out of the map using the slider. You can also move the interactive map in different directions until you find the point or city you need.

1. MODERN POLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD

1.1. Modern political map of the world

What information does a political map of the world convey?

· A political map of the World - This is a geographical map that shows the territories, borders, and largest cities of all countries of the world.

The main objects of the political map of the world are countries, territories and their borders.

· A country - territory, having certain borders, enjoying state sovereignty or being under the authority of another state and deprived of state independence (colonies, trust territories).

Today there are 193 independent states on the political map of the world: 43 in Europe (including the Russian Federation); 48 in Asia (including the Palestinian State); 53 in Africa (without Western Sahara, the status of which is subject to regulation in accordance with the relevant decisions of the UN and the Organization of African Unity (OAU); 35 in the Americas; 14 states in Australia and Oceania.

· State - political form of organization of society. The main features of the state: 1) the presence of bodies exercising supreme power, extending to the entire population; 2) the presence of a right - a set of generally binding rules of conduct established by the state; 3) the presence of a certain territory over which the power and jurisdiction of a given state extends.

Each country has its own characteristics economic-geographical location (EGP), which is understood as the country’s position in relation to the centers of the world economy, raw materials and sales markets.

The process of state formation lasted several millennia. Some states (Egypt, China) have about 6 thousand years of history, others a little more than 200 years (USA). Some modern states in their current form have existed for less than 15 years (Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, etc.).

The process of forming the political map of the world also goes back several thousand years. Its beginning is associated with the period of the primary stages of the social division of labor, the emergence of private property, which determined the social stratification of society. Its further deepening led to the intensification of state building and the struggle for the redistribution of spheres of influence. The change in social formations determined the boundaries of the main stages in the formation of the political map of the world. Among them:

1. Ancient - up to 5 v. AD, is characterized by the formation and development of such major centers of civilization as Egypt, China, India, Mesopotamia. Many states of the ancient world arose in the Mediterranean and are associated with the heyday of Greece, Rome and Carthage.

2. Medieval - covers approximately V-XVI centuries. A large number of feudal states are emerging in Europe, trade ties between them are intensifying, and the territorial claims of feudal states against each other are causing numerous military conflicts. At this time, Byzantium, the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, the Muscovite State, Portugal, Spain, and England appeared on the map.

3. New - formation of a modern political map: ( From the 16th century to the end of the First World War) - corresponds to the entire era of the birth, rise and establishment of capitalism, the formation of the colonial empire. Thus, in 1876, only 10% of the territory of Africa belonged to Western European countries, while in 1900 it was already 90%.

4. Newest - from 1914 to the second half of the 90s. 20th century - associated with two wars, the October Revolution in Russia, the formation of the socialist and capitalist camps, with the political and economic confrontation between them. This stage also includes the collapse of the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, the USA, Japan and a number of other metropolises, as a result of which more than 100 new independent states emerged in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

5. Modern - from 1990 to the present day. The most important events of this period, which radically changed the political map of the world, include:

· Collapse of the socialist camp;

· Collapse of the USSR into 15 sovereign states;

· Reunification of Germany with the GDR;

· The collapse of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and the formation of seven independent states on their territory (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia).

· Separation of the independent state of Eritrea from Ethiopia;

· Reunification of Hong Kong with the PRC;

· Disintegration of Serbia and Montenegro into two independent states.

1.2. Diversity of countries of the world. Political system

When studying the political map of the world, various criteria are used to group states into groups. The most common of them are indicators characterizing the country:

1. by territory size:

· The largest(more than 3 million sq. km)- Russia, Canada, USA, China, India;

· Large (1-3 million sq. km) - Argentina, Mexico, Mongolia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia;

· Average(less than 1 million sq. km)- Great Britain, Germany, Poland, Japan, Türkiye;

· Dwarf (less than 0.01 million sq. km)- Vatican, Andorra, Monaco, Liechtenstein, San Marino.

2. by population - the largest (million people) are China (1280), India (1045), USA (287), Indonesia (217), Brazil (174), Pakistan (148), Russia (145), Bangladesh (134), Nigeria ( 130), Japan (127).

3. by national composition of the population -single and multinational;

4. according to the characteristics of the geographical location -coastal, inland, island, peninsular, archipelagic countries.

Countries are also grouped according to such political characteristics as political system (monarchies and republics), administrative-territorial structure (unitary, federal, confederal).

If the unification of states is based on qualitative characteristics, then they speak of typologies countries

· Economically developed- approximately 60 countries of the world.

1) "Big Seven" - USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada - these countries account for about 50% of the world's GDP.

2) Smaller countries- The countries of Western Europe - their economic potential is noticeably lower, but in terms of GDP per capita, these countries are not inferior to the G7.

3) Countries of “settler capitalism” - Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.

Developing countries- include more than 150 countries, home to about 70% of the world's population. This group is divided into:

1) Key countries – India, Brazil, Mexico, which have significant natural, human and economic potential, but in terms of GDP per capita are significantly inferior to developed countries.

2) Less developed countries of Latin America0 Asia and North Africa, whose GDP per capita exceeds 1 thousand dollars - Chile, Peru, Egypt, Tunisia.

3) Newly industrialized countries - Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, etc., achieved economic growth at the end of the 20th century.

4) Oil exporting- Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, etc., where, thanks to the influx of “petrodollars,” the per capita GDP indicator reaches the level of developed countries.

5) Lagging countries which are characterized by a multi-structured economy with strong feudal remnants and where the per capita GDP indicator does not reach 1 thousand dollars per year - Kenya, El Salvador, etc.

6) Least developed (poorest) countries, where consumer agriculture predominates, industry and services are practically absent, and GDP per capita is 100-300 dollars per year - Afghanistan, Nepal, Ethiopia, etc.

In this typology, it is very difficult to determine the place of post-socialist states, which in many indicators are not inferior to developed countries, but have a rather low GDP per capita. That is why countries such as Russia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, etc., are often identified as a special type. countries with economies in transition .

GDP (gross domestic product) -the total value of goods and services produced within a country at market prices for a certain period.

There are only two forms of government in the world - monarchical and republican.

· Monarchy - a form of government in which supreme power belongs to the monarch - king, duke, sultan, emir, prince and is inherited. There are 30 monarchies in the world.

Monarchies are:

1. Absolute - the power of the monarch is unlimited.

2. Constitutional - the power of the monarch is limited by the Constitution.

3. Theocratic - a form of government of the monarch when he is simultaneously the head of state and the head of the church.

· Republic - a form of government in which the highest legislative power belongs to an elected representative body - parliament, and executive power belongs to the government. More than 140 countries in the world are republics. Republics are divided into presidential ones, in which the president is vested with great powers and heads the government, and parliamentary ones, in which the main figure is the head of government, not the president. Presidential republics are: USA, Brazil, Argentina, Russia, etc., Parliamentary republics are Germany, Italy, India, Israel, etc. Socialist republics are China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam.

· A rare form of government are states within the Commonwealth. There are only 15 such countries. The formal head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, who is represented by the Governor General. These countries are former dominions of Great Britain (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, etc.).

In addition, the form of administrative-territorial structure can be unitary and federal.

· Unitary state - this is a form of administrative-territorial structure of the country in which there is a single, indivisible executive and legislative power in the country.

· Federal State – has a form of administrative-territorial structure of the country in which, along with unified (federal) laws and authorities, there are separate self-governing units (republics, lands, states, brands, etc.) that have their own legislative, executive and judicial authorities.

After the Second World War, the political map of the world reflected such important processes as the formation of a number of socialist states, the collapse of the colonial system and the emergence of dozens of liberated countries, and the growth of the non-aligned movement. But the main content of the entire post-war period was the global confrontation between East and West, the “cold war” between them. Numerous military-political alliances emerged, including two main ones: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO). Hundreds of military bases were created in different parts of the globe, and local wars broke out every now and then. Numerous centers of international tension and regional conflicts have emerged on the political map of the world.

Throughout the post-war period, the main “hot spot” remained the Middle East, including the Persian Gulf region. And not the least role in this is played by the historical interweaving of cultures and religions. Here the interests of not only Arab countries and Israel collide, but also of other states.

In the second half of the 1980s, international relations marked a transition from confrontation to mutual understanding and cooperation. Good neighborliness began to replace mistrust, suspicion and hostility. Nowadays this applies to relations between Russia, the CIS and the USA, between the countries of Europe, the Asia-Pacific region (APR) and other regions. The political map of the world reflects such important processes and phenomena as the unification of Germany, the formation of the CIS, the beginning of real disarmament, the dissolution of the Department of Internal Affairs, the proclamation by NATO countries of the Partnership for Peace program, in which our country participates. By political means it was possible to untie the tight knots of many regional conflicts.

As a result, international tensions have subsided, and the world has become calmer and safer. The United Nations (UN), which includes 185 countries, plays a great role in defusing tensions.

All changes occurring on the political map of the world are studied by a new branch of social and economic geography - political geography (geopolitics). Her areas of interest include: features of the social and state system, forms of government and administrative-territorial division, domestic and foreign policy, political and geographical position of countries, assessment of borders and border areas, assessment of borders and border areas, geographical differences in the social class structure population, religious, national composition of the population, etc. the main task – study of the geography of international relations, the balance of power between the great powers.

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Political map of the world is a geographical map reflecting the countries of the world, their form of government and government structure. The political map reflects the main political and geographical changes: the formation of new independent states, changes in their status, mergers and divisions of states, loss or acquisition of sovereignty, changes in the area of ​​states, replacement of their capitals, changes in the names of states and capitals, changes in forms of government, etc. .

In a broad sense, the political map of the world is not only the state borders of countries plotted on a cartographic basis. It contains information about the history of the formation of political systems and states, about the relationship between states in the modern world, about the uniqueness of regions and countries in their political structure, about the influence of the location of countries on their political structure and economic development.

At the same time, the political map of the world is a historical category, since it reflects all changes in the political structure and borders of states that occur as a result of various historical events.

Colorful political map of the world in English

All the changes that have arisen on the political map over the long history of its formation are of a different nature. Among them, a distinction is made between quantitative and qualitative changes. Quantitative ones include: annexation of newly discovered lands; territorial gains or losses during wars; unification or disintegration of states; concessions or exchanges between countries of land areas. Other changes are qualitative. They consist in the historical change of socio-economic formations; the country's acquisition of political sovereignty; introduction of new forms of government; the formation of interstate political unions, the appearance and disappearance of “hot spots” on the planet. Often quantitative changes are accompanied by qualitative ones. Recent events in the world show that quantitative shifts on the political map are increasingly giving way to qualitative ones, and this leads to the understanding that instead of war - the usual means of resolving interstate disputes - the path of dialogues, peaceful resolution of territorial disputes and international conflicts comes to the fore.

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According to experts, in the near future the political map of the world will undergo major changes. The trend toward an increase in the number of states based on ethnic principles continues. At the same time, state borders that do not correspond to the nations living within them will lose their meaning. On the other hand, international political alliances will play an even more important role.