Geography language map. The map is the second language of geography. Basic terms and concepts

slide 3

Planned result

• Students should: know/understand the definition of cartography as a science, the importance of cartographic research methods;
• Be able to read various types of geographical maps;
• Make a description of the development of the main methods of studying the Earth;
• Determine the geographic location of an object

slide 4

Main content

• History of the development of methods for studying the Earth. Examples of methods of description, observation, statistical, modeling, etc.
• Cartographic research method, its uniqueness. Examples of cartographic sources of various historical periods.
• The value of geographical maps in human life, examples.
• The science of cartography.
• Creation of modern cartographic images

slide 5

Goal and tasks

Purpose: to form an idea of ​​the cartographic method as a special method of geographical science.

• To form an idea about the development of methods for studying the Earth, about the science of cartography;
• To form an idea about the significance of geographical maps in human life, how to create them;
• Start developing the ability to describe the geographical location of an object

slide 6

You will learn:

1. What methods of studying the Earth exist

2. How geographers use maps

3. How maps are made

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Methods for studying the Earth

People have learned to describe and remember the surrounding area. This is preserved in rock art, myths and legends.

There were 2 ancient methods: observation and description.

1. They showed hunting grounds, trails, dangerous places.

2. Later they learned to show distances and areas using maps.

cartographic method

As new territories are explored...

Slide 10

Fragment of a rock drawing

slide 11

• collection method.
• Collections of stones, herbariums, stuffed animals were brought.
• field method
• Collection of material on the ground
• cameral method.
• Processing of collected material
• New computer technologies, programs, devices for collecting and searching for information have appeared. A new method has emerged.

SIMULATION METHOD

slide 12

Remember:

• What is a map?
• How did you use the cards in previous lessons?
• What types of cards do you know?

slide 13

Types of images of the earth's surface

• A globe is a three-dimensional model of the planet, reduced many times over.
• A map is a generalized reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional signs.
• A plan is a drawing on which a small area of ​​the earth's surface is depicted in a reduced form with conventional signs. The conventional signs of the plan differ from the conventional symbols of the map.

Slide 14

Types of cards

• By content
• By area coverage
• Scale
• General geographic (physical) - show the relief, rivers, lakes, seas
• Thematic - devoted to certain topics: the distribution of the population, the position of countries
• The content, coverage of the territory and scale of the map is determined by its purpose
• Purpose of cards
• Educational
• Scientific reference
• Tourist

slide 16

The science of maps as a special way of reflecting reality, their creation and use is called cartography.

"The map is the alpha and omega of geography, the starting and ending moment of any geographical research"

N.N. Baransky geographer of the twentieth century.

Geography is one of the oldest sciences that arose to help people. In the modern interpretation, it is the application of geographical knowledge and skills that is used:

• to preserve the environment and conduct socially responsible activities in it
• to adapt to living conditions in a certain area
• for self-assessment of the level of environmental safety as a sphere of life

Education played a huge role already in the very initial stage of human development. But it took thousands of years for a continuously developing society to give rise to such a modern form of education as a lesson.

Jan Amos Comenius clearly formulated the basic principles of education in the "great didactics" almost 400 years ago (based on the principle of sensationalism - a sense of perception, cognition, as opposed to rationalism)

As you know, the lesson is a form of implementation of pedagogical influences, where there is direct and systematic communication between the teacher and students, aimed at activating the cognitive abilities of students.

“A lesson is a “cell” of the pedagogical process. In it, like the sun in a drop of water, all its sides are reflected. If not all, then a significant part of pedagogy is concentrated on the lesson ”(M.N. Skatkin)

Even if the teacher knows what he can rely on from this student and what he needs to develop, then this will still not be the answer to the question - with the help of what methods of educational work can this be done?

“What is required for the successful completion of a given task is developed by this task” - this principle is universal and conceptual for developmental learning.

There are no isolated corners in the modern world. International economic and cultural ties are expanding. Air transport has brought the continents astonishingly close together. But even an astronaut needs about an hour and a half to fly around the Earth. Meanwhile, man has long possessed a wonderful tool that opens the eyes of our entire planet or gives a detailed picture of its individual parts, their nature, population, economy and culture. This tool is a geographic map. Therefore, it is completely logical that among the goals of studying geography in a modern school at a basic level is this:

• mastering the ability to navigate the terrain;

Use one of the "languages" of international communication - a geographical map and modern geoinformation technologies and Internet resources for the correct assessment of the most important socio-economic issues of international life, the geopolitical and geo-economic situation in Russia, other countries and regions of the world, the trends of their possible development.

And among general educational skills, skills and methods of activity at the basic level, the ability to work with maps of various subjects stands out.

Teaching of geography at the profile level is also planned in the senior school. Particular attention in the process of profile study of geography should be paid to the methods of geographical research and, first of all, cartographic.

From all of the above, it is obvious that work with a map in the modern school occupies a special place for a professional geographer, this is obvious.

But how to convince a modern student that a map is a source of information and an object of research?

A modern student should be with a card for "you". To help, I offer an effective course, designed for 8 hours.

So ,

Map is the second language of geography.

Lesson #1 "A Brief Outline of the History of Cartography"

• the origin and development of cartography
• current state of cartography
• development prospects

Lesson #2 "Cartography and geographical maps"

• definition of cartography

(cartography is the science of geographical maps, as a special way of displaying reality, which includes in its tasks a comprehensive study of geographical maps, as well as the development of methods and processes for their creation and use.)

The definition adopted by the International Cartographic Association: "cartography is the totality of research and work - scientific, artistic and technical (starting with the processing of the received sources) carried out in the design and creation of maps and other forms of representation, as well as in their use."

• basic properties of a map (it has long been considered a geographical map as a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional signs.

However, three features define the specifics of cartographic images:

• mathematical definite construction
• use of cartographic symbols
• selection and generalization of the depicted phenomena

• the meaning of cards in science and practice
• map elements

Lesson #3 "The Mathematical Basis of Maps"

• concept of map projections
• projection classification
• distortion in map projections
• grids
• scale

Lesson number 4 Cartographic signs and methods of cartographic representation. Inscriptions on maps.

• cartographic signs
• cartographic imaging methods
• cartograms, cartograms, relief models, block diagrams
• inscriptions

Lesson number 5 "Cartographic Generalization"

Lesson #6 “Classification, types and types of geographical maps. Atlases.

• map classification
• card types
• atlases

Lesson number 7 “Review of the main maps and atlases. Map Analysis»

• general geographical, topographic, thematic and complex maps and atlases
• nautical charts
• analysis and evaluation of maps. Analysis Methods

Lesson #8 "The use of maps as a means of research

• analysis methods
• use of maps for forecasting purposes

The newly emerging needs of society give rise to the need to create a methodology for working with a map, taking into account the problems put forward by real life. And the successful, progressive development of these problems creates the necessary conditions for solving the problem of forming the basic competencies of a modern pupil.

slide 1

slide 2

slide 3

slide 4

slide 5

slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

slide 10

slide 11

slide 12

slide 13

slide 14

slide 15

slide 16

Cards are texts "written" in a special language. The cartographic sign system is a language formation. Considered in the context of semiotics, it reveals the whole spectrum of semiotic relations - syntactic, semantic and pragmatic.

The remarkable words of N. N. Baransky are known that “the map is the second language of geography” and, moreover, the language is both more economical and more intelligible. He wrote: “1) the map is the alpha and omega of geography, the initial and final moment of geographical research; 2) map - an incentive to fill empty spaces; 3) map - a means to identify geographical patterns; 4) a map is a necessary intermediary between a person who is extremely limited in the scope of his direct observation and an object of geographical research that is enormous in size; 5) map - the "second language" of geography; 6) a map is one of the criteria for geographical location. We can say that the language of the map is fundamentally necessary for geography.

The knowledge obtained by this science in its abstract concreteness, in the unity of the general and the individual, is expressed primarily in cartographic form. The language of a map is almost the main means of identifying and "describes" objects of geographical study, geographic modeling, fixing geographic theories. Finally, the language of the map can be considered as the system-forming basis of the entire cycle of geographical sciences, the key to understanding their integrity. It plays an important role in the implementation of the cognitive and practical functions of geography.

In this regard, it is enough to recall that with the help of maps, many geographical laws have been established, model theoretical constructions of the spatial structure of various phenomena have been put into circulation, and cherished aspects of reality have become accessible to observation and study. Many scientific geographical concepts originate from cartographic images-representations, along with new maps, new branches of geography and directions of scientific research are born. With the help of maps, geographical experiments are regulated and planned; through them, new research methods are introduced, and the results are put into practice.

The development of integration processes in cartography, the progress of geoinformation mapping led to the development of a new scientific direction - geoicons as geoimaging sciences (Berlyant, 1996).

In recent decades, the linguistic concept in its various modifications has taken a prominent place in cartography. Its origins can be traced in the works of prominent domestic and Western cartographers: M. K. Bocharov, M. Berten, A. F. Aslanikashvili, L. Rataisky. Today, this concept constitutes, as it were, a “third force” in the theory of cartography and is developing in several directions: as a “purely” semiotic approach, as a linguistic approach, and as a combination of both of these approaches.

An analysis of theoretical thought over the past half century shows that for a long time (from the 40s to the early 60s) cartography was dominated by model-cognitive concept, largely based on the theory of cartography developed by N. N. Baransky, K. A. Salishchev and their numerous followers. Its main provisions boil down to the following: cartography is the science of cognition of reality through cartographic modeling; a map is a figurative-sign model of reality; cartographic generalization - the process of purposeful selection and generalization of the displayed objects, contributing to a more distinct manifestation of the main elements and relationships, obtaining qualitatively new information; the main directions of theoretical research are a systematic approach in cartography, cartographic modeling, the use of maps, the development of the theory of geographical cartography; the main contacts are with geography, and other sciences about the Earth and society, with technical sciences, theory and methodology, knowledge.

In the early 1960s, there was communication concept, as a response to the introduction of information ideas and computer technologies into cartography and, at the same time, some removal of it from the mother science - geography. The communicative concept interprets cartography as the science of transmitting spatial information, as a special branch of computer science, and considers the map as a channel of information, a means of communication between the creator of the map and its consumer.

The main provisions of the theory language concept come down to the fact that cartography is the science of the language of the map, one of the branches of semiotics, and therefore the map is a special text compiled using the cartographic language system. The main areas of research are the development and improvement of the map language, its grammar, methods for the automated construction of cartographic sign systems and texts, and the main external contacts of cartography are seen in interaction with semiotics, linguistics, information theory, computer graphics, and geographical sciences.

Geoiconics studies the common property of all geoimages: maps, electronic maps, aerial and space images, stereo images and computer animations, three-dimensional models, etc.

The language of the map, as a system, is formed by sets of initial elements - signs (dictionary) and the rules for their combination in the text (grammar).

Main functions of the map language– communication, modeling and cognition. The map is an indispensable means of storing and transmitting spatial information, it has a certain information capacity (the amount of information per unit area), which is tens and hundreds of times greater than the information capacity of printed text.

Being a figurative-sign model, a map is an important element of heuristic thinking, creating a cartographic image, which is a spatial combination of cartographic signs perceived by a map reader or a recognition device. The term "spatial combination" means a set of cartographic signs with their combinations, connections, taxonomic subordination and groupings.

A. M. Berlyant introduced the term "geoimage" into scientific circulation, which means "any space-time, large-scale, generalized model of terrestrial (planetary) objects or processes, presented in a graphic figurative form.

This is how the conceptual and terminological vocabulary of cartography (and the development of this science) is enriched, which cannot but affect the system of geographical sciences as a whole, the professional geographical language and research methods.

From the foregoing, it follows that the entire content of the map can be considered as a unity of displaying two sides of reality: 1) space and 2) content. The first side is reflected by the spatial "behavior" of the sign, the second - by the value encoded in it. The meaning encoded in signs can be expressed much more widely and in any degree of detail in the language of words. But the concreteness that signs display with their spatial “behavior” cannot be displayed in any other language.

Baransky N. N. Methods of teaching economic geography. M., 1960. S. 275-276, 290.